Education and demonstration – Visual art or craft – artistic adornment – or color training... – Color display
Reexamination Certificate
2000-01-21
2001-05-22
Ackun, Jr., Jacob K. (Department: 3712)
Education and demonstration
Visual art or craft, artistic adornment, or color training...
Color display
Reexamination Certificate
active
06234801
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a color comparison device which can be used as a unified color language standard based an standard gray to identify the color depth, where a color is precisely identified by three attributes: hue angle, chroma and depth.
2. Prior Art
The fact that there is a lack of a common language and a lack of a standardized color scale in the communication of color among color related industries has impeded color conveyance and created difficulties in advancing the state of the art in industry. In order to overcome this problem, especially seeing that today's information age demands information be exchanged rapidly and accurately, there is a pressing need for the development of a unified color language for use by industry and by academia, in research and education, so to increase the competitiveness of products and promote the advancement of the state of the art in industry.
In the field of chromatics, color systems are composed of hue, chroma and value. As shown in
FIG. 8A
, a 3-dimensional color system includes hue sheets, where each hue sheet (HS) is centered on a colorless value axis (VA). This color solid has a non-color value axis (VA) at its center with lighter values at the top and darker values on the bottom. Of all values, white (W) is the lightest and black (B) is the darkest. Also, chroma (C) extends radially outward from the non-color axis (VA) as shown in FIG.
8
B. How to standardize and communicate color has long been a goal that colorists have strived to attain. Even though each country in the world has researched its own type of color solid and color language, no single one has been widely accepted by the color industry. From this it can be seen that a color language and a color solid have yet to be developed in an ideal form.
The basic colors of the Munsell notation system, shown in
FIGS. 9A and 9B
, are red (R), yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B), purple (P). With the colors yellow-red (YR), yellow-green (YG), blue-green (BG), blue-purple (BP) and red-purple (RP) making the basic major hues. As shown in
FIG. 9B
, their value are indicated by eleven stages, No. 0, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 . . . No. 10, with black (BL) being No. 0, white (W) No. 10 and nine stages of gray in between. The method of representing chroma was to set the non-color at 0 and represent the stages of hue increase by the numbers 1, 2, 3 . . . .The highest chroma for each pure color differs at each stage, according to the different hues. Red (R) has the most stages with 14. Therefore, the Munsell notation system is complex due to its chroma stages (FIG.
9
A).
FIG. 10
represents the Ostwald notation system. As shown in
FIG. 10B
, the system contains
8
determinant colors: yellow (Y), orange (O), red (R), purple (P), blue (UB), blue-green (T), green (SG), and yellow-green (LG). Each type of color of the eight types of primary hues is divided into 24 hues. For instance, with the hue yellow, the standard yellow primary hue is placed at the center with different hues indicated on its left and right, making a total of three hues. The symbols
1
Y,
2
Y and
3
Y are added with
2
Y representing the primary hue. The other hues are indicated in an identical manner. As seen in the color solid, shown in
FIG. 10A
, the Ostwald notation system is a very useful notation system for matching colors, but the shortcoming in this type of arrangement is that its value stages are not well ordered.
In
FIG. 11
, one can see the practical color coordinate system (P.C.C.S.) developed by the Japanese Color Research Institute. The special characteristic of this notation system is that it provides an appropriate combination of color matching sheets and also makes use of the strengths of the Munsell notation system and Ostwald notation system. Each hue has its own number and all the colors have the same kind of numbering. According to the P.C.C.S. differentiation method, red containing purple (PR) is the first of the hue numbers; number two is red (R); number three is red containing yellow; number four is orange containing red (RO). By passing through the hues yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B), purple (P), and red-purple (RP) once in the circle, red-purple becomes the hue number twenty-four and then advances to red (R).
In addition, there exist numerous different color theories on which the current international systems are based; however, they are all identical with respect to that they all use the three level structure of hue, chroma and value.
THE PROBLEMS RESOLVED BY THE INVENTION
In conventional three attribute systems, the hue plays a dominant role and therefore ordinarily the hue is separately discussed causing the chroma and value to be combined together and transformed for use as a color depth value. This is because changes in the color depth are not just single directional changes in the chroma or value, but result from the strong tendency for both the chroma and value to change simultaneously. Strictly speaking, these attributes should be added to the hue to make a three dimensional color system. Yet, because of the independence of the hue, they would rather say that the hue does not interfere with its merging with color depth, than to say that this way makes it extremely natural in its perception. Therefore, in this technical field when stating the expected color changes in coloring through dyes and pigments has extremely high correlation with the matching the proper degree of color depth. In other words, chroma and value use precise quantitative changes whereas color depth can be said not to possess a definite quantity properties with respect to the coloring quantity. In summary, chroma and value are color standards not representative of color quantity, i.e., only color depth possesses real quantitative properties of a color. Physical quantitative changes in color cannot be characterized only by chroma and value. This is because changes in color commonly can not just be determined by singular changes in its chroma or value. Therefore, in fields that use coloring materials, color depth plays an important role in quantification of the properties of a color.
Color depth is referred to as a quantity of an abstract color. In this way, a numerical value can certainly be used to express color. However, though we wish to express color depth in the form of a numerical value, it is very difficult to succeed in doing so no matter how many tests are carried out. To this day, we are still in a trial stage of its development. From this, one can see that chroma and value possess a strong mutual correlation and thus should be considered as a single combined property of a color. At the same time, we cannot clearly express color depth in a quantitative manner. From this we can see the importance of color depth to colorists who have worked hard to advance the research in this field. Disadvantageously, the color structure using hue, chroma and value as the attributes of the color is not a clear solution to the quantification problem of the color depth.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The objective of the invention is to make a color solid from the theoretical framework of hue angle, chroma and depth attributes that clearly distinguishes each of their unique characteristics so that tendency to change in same direction will not create confusion. By simply combining hue angle with chroma, any hue (light) color can be clearly identified. And if the concept of value can be integrated into the chroma, the same hue square of the same chroma has the same value. The present invention provides for a logical, scientific calculation method that allows to obtain quantitative parameter of the color depth, thus achieving the goals of convenient and precise color language conveyance, color measurement and color design.
REFERENCES:
patent: 824374 (1906-06-01), Munsell
patent: 1617024 (1927-02-01), Munsell
patent: 2866277 (1958-12-01), Wise
patent: 3120065 (1964-02-01), Gaudier-Pons
patent: 3229385 (1966-01-01), DePauw
patent: 3474546 (1969-10-01), Wedlake
patent: 3722109 (1
Ackun Jr. Jacob K.
Fernstrom Kurt
Rosenberg , Klein & Lee
Zenith Color-Tech Corporation
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