Electricity: conductors and insulators – Conduits – cables or conductors – Conductive armor or sheath
Reexamination Certificate
2002-02-08
2003-06-24
Nguyen, Chau N. (Department: 2831)
Electricity: conductors and insulators
Conduits, cables or conductors
Conductive armor or sheath
Reexamination Certificate
active
06583360
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to coaxial cables and in particular to a coaxial cable assembly comprising single or dual coaxial cables with a plurality of spiral conductors wound one over the other through insulation layers. More specifically, the invention relates to a coaxial audio cable with layers of conductors differentiated with regard to frequencies of the audio signals to be transmitted.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Normally, audio cables are intended for transmission of audio signals from an electrical signal source (e.g., a microphone) with an amplifier to a converter of electrical signals (known as a sound load or simply as a load) into sound or acoustic signals. It is understood that audio cables have to satisfy specific requirements dictated by their above-described function. More specifically, the audio cable should transmit the electrical signals in an optimal mode with minimal losses and distortions. This is especially important for acoustic instruments and apparatuses of high fidelity.
Although a human ear can sense the sounds in a limited range of acoustic frequencies, i.e., from several Hertz to about 16 KHz, the frequency range of the electrical signals to be transmitted to a load should significantly overlap the audible range. This is because, there exists an opinion that when higher frequencies are mixed in the load, they generate audible frequencies that impart to the reproduced sounds more natural “color” and enrich the reproduced sounds. Such systems are known as systems of authentic acoustical reproduction. Requirements to components of such systems, including audio cables, are especially stringent. For examples, the high-end amplifiers of modern high-fidelity sound systems may have an output frequency of up to 200 KHz.
Generally speaking, coaxial cables for use in a variety of purposes are well known since beginning of the last century. Main characteristics of the coaxial audio cable are parameters that determine the ability of the cable to transmit electrical signals without loss and distortion, e.g., from the electrical amplifier to a load. One important characteristic of the audio cable is impedance in all frequency ranges of the cable. Impedance is especially critical in the range of high and super-high frequencies. This characteristic is important because the load, e.g., a group of speakers connected in parallel and intended for reproduction of sounds in different frequency ranges, is essentially a reactive load. This means that for efficient matching of impedance of the cable with impedance of the load, the impedance inherent in the cable must be significantly lower than the impedance of the load in all frequency ranges. Furthermore, it is essential to minimize the loss of the electrical power of transmitted signals. Another problem that may occur in operation of audio cables is that on some frequencies a resonance may occur in a system “amplifier-cable-load”. This condition may result from impedance of a low-quality cable.
In general, the knowledge of coaxial cables has been known for a long time. A few examples of such cables are described in U.S. Pat. No. 1,781,092 issued to Affel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,342,736 issued to Herzog et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,436,421 issued to Cork, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,351,706 issued to Gnerre et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,781,092 to Affel discloses a conducting system for transmitting with small attenuation a band of frequencies. The conducting system employs a circuit having concentric conductors of relatively large diameter, one acting as return for the other. The inner conductor is formed by spirally winding a plurality of wires about a suitable core, thus forming in effect a hollow conducting shell. Dielectric spacing washers are mounted upon the inner shell to form a support for the outer conductor. The outer conductor is formed by spirally winding a plurality of wires over the outer surfaces of the supporting washers to form an outer conducting shell. A waterproof covering then surrounds the entire surface of the outer conductor to protect the system from moisture.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,342,736 to Herzog et al. discloses a wide-band radio cable of constant attenuation, which is suitable for distortion-free transmission up to a certain frequency value. The cable includes an internal conductor consisting of braded radio strands and is seated on a hemp-cord. The conductor is embedded in a plastic insulating compound. The outer conductor consists of braded radio strands and is mounted on the insulating compound surrounded with an insulating sheath.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,436,421 to Cork discloses the transmission of electrical energy by electric cables of the concentric line type. The cable includes an inner conductor of drawn copper wire, which is held centrally of a sheath of insulating material by a thread of the same material. The outer conductor consists of a braided sheath composed of strands of copper wire. The individual strands are insulated from each other by enameling or shellac. The outer protective covering of the cable consists of a sheath of polyethylene.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,351,706 to Gnerre et al. discloses a submarine coaxial cable consisting of a central metallic conductor embedded in a layer of dielectric material and with a braided conductor of wire strands located between an inner layer of solid dielectric and an outer layer of solid dielectric. Both conductors are copper or other highly conductive material and the dielectric layers are of a polyolefinic material.
The prior art fails to provide a coaxial cable having an inner and outer conductor having matching series impedances. By having matching series impedances, a superior signal can be transmitted by the cable. Such superior signal transmission is highly desirous for use with premium-quality sound systems.
The above problems are partially solved by U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,682 issued to D. Salz in 1994. This patent describes a coaxial cable that includes braided and coated, inner and outer conductors. The inner conductor is disposed along a hollow tubular core at a braid angle of approximately eighteen degrees. A dielectric layer composed of spiral-wrapped Teflon or microporous Teflon tape is wrapped around the inner conductor to insulate the inner conductor from the outer conductor. The outer conductor is disposed along the dielectric layer at a braid angle of approximately thirty-eight degrees. The number of strands in the inner and outer braids are chosen to provide a 5:6 ratio between the number of strands in the inner braid and the number of strands in the outer braid. A jacket insulates the outer conductor. The inner and outer conductors are configured according to a specific combination/formula of strand diameters, strand quantities, and braid angles in order that the conductors have optimized and matched, thus symmetrical, impedance for superior sound quality.
Although D. Salz introduced the conception of matching the series impedances between the respective inner and outer conductors as well as a specific ratio between the numbers of strand groups in inner and outer conductors, he does not differentiate between the audio signals transmitted on different frequencies, e.g., between treble and bass frequencies. Another disadvantage of the known construction is that the inner and outer conductors comprise layers of braided wires. The braided wires have freedom of movement with respect to each other, and therefore when the cable is moved, variable contacts between the individual wires may cause additional electrical noise. When the cable is bent or otherwise deformed, the conditions of contact between the individual wires in the braided layers are changed. It is understood that these changes will inevitably change the signal transmission conditions, and hence, the quality of the reproduced sounds. Furthermore, the upper-layer conductor has weak insulation as it is insulated only with a textile braid and optionally with a Teflon tape. This means that the outer-layer conductor may be affected by the external electromagnetic fiel
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