Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing – Optical result – With reagent in absorbent or bibulous substrate
Patent
1993-03-30
1995-02-07
Housel, James C.
Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
Optical result
With reagent in absorbent or bibulous substrate
422 56, 422 57, 422 8209, 422100, 435288, 435291, 435 6, 436518, 436524, 436527, 436 94, 436810, 427 213, 427 8, 427164, 356244, G01N 2103
Patent
active
053875265
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to devices that are useful for spectrometric analysis of the components of solutions. More particularly, the present invention relates to containers or tubes that are mountable in a spectrometer and that have interior surfaces coated with compositions that include reagents used for the spectrometric analysis of the components of solutions that have been introduced into the tubes in order to detect, identify and measure the concentrations of such components in the solutions. The invention also relates to methods for preparing the coated tubes and to methods for using the coated tubes. The present invention is particularly, though not exclusively, useful for rapidly and quantitatively detecting and identifying particular compounds in a relatively small amount of a solution.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Spectroscopy is used in a variety of fields to determine the compositions of solutions by identifying and measuring the wavelengths and intensity of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted by compounds in the solution. Spectroscopy is particularly useful for identifying, characterizing and quantifying compounds that absorb in the ultraviolet (U.V) or visible portion of the spectrum because many biologically important macromolecules, including biopolymers, such as DNA, RNA, proteins and carbohydrates, absorb energy in at least one region of the spectrum of U.V. or visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Under appropriate conditions it is possible, using spectrometry to detect, identify and measure the concentration of such compounds in solution.
Upon exposure of a solution to incident light that includes wavelengths that have energy that matches the difference between two allowed states of compounds in the solution, photons of the particular wavelength are absorbed so that the component wavelengths of the transmitted light differ from those of the incident light. Following absorption, the electrons in the compounds revert ground state by loss of energy to collisions and other heat generating interactions. For some compounds, however, particularly those that have conjugated electrons, reversion to ground state is slower and includes the emission of photons. Depending upon the nature of the excited state the emission may result in fluorescence. Fluorescent emissions have a lower energy level than the incident absorbed light and may be detected with high sensitivity by a photodetector, as long the incident light does not interfere with the emitted light. Typically, in fluorescence spectrometers the photodetector is placed at an angle, usually at right angles, to the incident light. When absorption or emission is in the U.V and visible region of the spectrum, such transitions are particularly suitable for measurement by photometric methods, including absorbance spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry. In practice, a sample of a solution containing a compound, such as a biopolymer, is introduced into a cuvette, a container which is transparent to the wavelength absorbed by the compound of interest, and the cuvette is placed into a spectrometer, such as a spectrophotometer or spectrofluorimeter. Absorbance spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrometry (spectrofluorimetry) involve the measurement of electronic transitions of compounds, either by absorption or emission or electromagnetic radiation, and permit the detection, characterization and quantification of such compounds in solutions. The energy at which absorption occurs is a function of the electron, vibrational and rotational energy levels of the compounds in the solution.
In order to enhance or alter the light absorption or light emission characteristics of a particular compound or to detect a particular constituent of a solution or mixture of compounds, it is sometimes necessary to add an appropriate reagent, which specifically interacts with the chemical or compound of interest, to the solution prior to analysis. The reagent specifically interacts with the chemic
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Garner Harold R.
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Tuason Orenda F.
General Atomics
Housel James C.
Kelly David
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