Chemistry: electrical and wave energy – Processes and products – Electrostatic field or electrical discharge
Reexamination Certificate
2001-10-03
2003-12-16
Diamond, Alan (Department: 1753)
Chemistry: electrical and wave energy
Processes and products
Electrostatic field or electrical discharge
C204S650000, C204S168000, C060S645000, C060S646000, C060S657000, C060S670000, C422S186210, C422S186220, C422S186230, C422S186260, C422S186270, C044S628000, C044S639000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06663752
ABSTRACT:
According to official data released by the U. S. Department of Energy, we have today a world-wide daily consumption of about 74 million barrels of crude oil, corresponding to a daily consumption of about 4 trillion gallons of gasoline, excluding the consumption of natural gas and coal. Such a disproportionate daily combustion of fossil fuels is causing serious environmental problems, such as:
1) The “green house effect” due to the emission of such a daily volume of CO
2
, now estimated to be of about 30 million metric tons per day, which amount cannot any longer be processed by plants into oxygen and biomass, resulting in potentially catastrophic climactic events;
2) The “oxygen depletion” consisting of the permanent removal of breathable oxygen from our atmosphere, given by the O
2
in the CO
2
gas not recycled by plants, which oxygen depletion is now estimated to be of about 7 million metric tons per day, and is expected to cause heart failures particularly in densely populated urban environment; and
3) The largest emission of carcinogenic and other toxic substances in our planet, euphemistically called “atmospheric pollution,” which is now estimated to be of the order of 5 million metric tons per day, which emission is expected to be the largest cause of cancer on Earth.
In the hope of contributing toward the future solution of these serious environmental problems, this invention deals with the discovery of a basically new liquid fuel, called “MagneFuel” for technical reasons outlined below, with the following main features: MagneFuel can be used as fuel in currently available automobiles; MagneFuel has an energy content similar to that of gasoline; the exhaust of MagneFuel combustion is dramatically cleaner than that of gasoline by surpassing the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) without catalytic converter; MagneFuel combustion dramatically reduces the use of atmospheric oxygen as occurring in gasoline combustion; MagneFuel combustion dramatically reduces the emission of carcinogenic or other toxic substance; MagneFuel is cost competitive with respect to fossil fuels; MagneFuel can be produced anywhere desired via the processing with equipment identified below of crude oil as well as virtually inextinguishable oil-base or water-base liquid wastes as feedstock; the process for the production of MagneFuel is self-sustaining, in the sense that it produces the electric energy needed for its own operation. As a result, MagneFuel is a significant replacement of gasoline.
A scientific notion which is fundamental for the above results is the new chemical species discovered by this inventor in 1998 and called for technical reasons “electromagnecules”, as technically described in the monograph by R. M. Santilli entitled “Foundations of Hadronic Chemistry with Application to New Clean Energies and Fuels”, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston/Dordrecht/London, in press ISBN number 1-4020-0087-1, see Chapter 8 in particular, which monograph is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
Electromagnecules are stable clusters of individual atoms (such as H. C and O), parts of molecules called dimers (such as OH and CH), and ordinary molecules (such as CO, and H
2
O) bonded together by new internal attractive forces due to the electric and magnetic polarizations of the orbits of peripheral atomic electrons.
Electromagnecules in gases are well identified by clear macroscopic peaks in Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometers (GC-MS), which peaks remain unidentified by the computer search among all existing molecules, and have no InfraRed (IR) signature at their atomic weight, other than those of their smaller molecular constituents. These features establish that the clusters cannot possibly have a sole valence bond, thus constituting a new chemical species.
Electromagnecules in liquids are equally identified by large peaks in Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometers (LC-MS), which peaks also remain unidentified following computer search among all known liquid molecules, and have no UltraViolet (UV) signature at their atomic weight, features which again establish the novelty of the new chemical species.
The name “electromagnecules” was introduced by this inventor to distinguish the new species from the conventional molecules, as well as to denote that the new non-valence bonds are of both electric and magnetic character. The magnetic polarization is generally dominant over the electric polarization. However, on rigorous grounds both electric and magnetic contributions must be taken into account since nature teaches that one cannot occur without the other.
The name of “MagneFuel” is introduced as a short version of “ElectroMagneFuel” to denote that its chemical composition is given by liquid electromagnecules, rather than conventional molecules as occurring for gasoline, and it is given by individual atoms H, C and O, dimers OH, CH and C—O, and ordinary molecules such as CH
2
, H
2
O and others (see below). For subsequent reference we recall that the C and O atoms admits three different types of conventional valence bonds, C—O which is hereinafter referred to as that with one single valence bond, C═O hereinafter referred to that with two valence bonds, and the conventional CO which is that with three valence bonds.
The availability within the structure of MagneFuel of isolated and unbounded atoms is of paramount importance for environmental aspects because these atoms recombine at the time of the combustion by releasing large amounts of energy. For instance, two H atoms, when they recombine into H
2
, release 104 Kcal/mole, an amount of energy so large to power the known plasma cutters. Similarly, the production of CO at the time of combustion releases 255 Kcal/mole. As a result, the energy content of MagneFuel is bigger than that predicted by conventional thermochemistry and it is given by about the same energy content of gasoline, i.e., of the order of 110,000 British Thermal Units (BTU) per gallon (g), even though the chemical composition of MagneFuel is different than that of gasoline, as elaborated below.
Another important aspect is polymerization, a natural phenomenon according to which certain liquid molecules tend to aggregate themselves into a chain or a lattice, resulting in new physical and chemical properties generally absent for un-polymerized structures. When dealing with liquids with an electromagnecular structure, such a polymerization is enhanced and acquires a precise origin of the attractive force responsible for said aggregation.
With reference to
FIG. 1
, note that the ordinary CH
2
═H—C—H molecule is similar to the water molecule H
2
O═H—O—H, where “—” denotes valence bond. In both cases, the orbitals of the H—C or H—O dimers have a symmetry plane which is perpendicular to the plane of the molecule for various reasons known in chemistry. When these molecules are submitted to very strong external electric and magnetic fields, the orbitals acquire a toroidal configuration as technically described in Chapter 8 and Appendix 8A of the above mentioned monograph by this inventor. This results in the creation of the magnetic polarities North-South in the orbital of each valence electron as in FIG.
1
. It is then easy to see that, since opposite magnetic polarities attract each other, polarized orbitals attract each other, resulting in chain of the type of
FIG. 1
, where
301
and
302
are polarized hydrogen atoms,
303
are polarized carbon atoms, and the chain is restricted to three H—C—H molecules for simplicity, with the understanding that the same chain can have an unrestricted length.
We should recall for completeness that the above chain of CH
2
molecules, also called methylene, when possessing a conventional molecular structure, constitute hydrocarbons. In particular, liquids with up to four CH
2
groups are generally referred to as light hydrocarbons; liquids with five to ten CH
2
groups constitute gasoline; chain containing from thirteen to seventeen CH
2
groups constitute diesel; bigger chains constitute paraffine (also called
Diamond Alan
Hadronic Press Inc.
LaPointe Dennis G.
Mason Law, P.A.
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