Fuel and related compositions – Liquid fuels – Containing organic -c
Patent
1992-10-13
1996-11-26
Medley, Margaret
Fuel and related compositions
Liquid fuels
Containing organic -c
44408, 44413, C10L 122
Patent
active
055780911
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The invention relates to new chemical compounds which are useful as wax crystal modifiers in fuels especially distillate fuels, the use of these compounds as distillate fuel additives particularly in combination with other additives, and to fuels and concentrates containing the additives optionally in combinations with other additives.
Mineral oils containing paraffin wax have the characteristic of becoming less fluid as the temperature of the oil decreases. This loss of fluidity is due to the crystallisation of the wax into plate-like crystals which eventually form a spongy mass entrapping the oil therein. The temperature at which the wax crystals begin to form is known as the Cloud Point and the temperature at which the wax prevents the oil from pouring as the Pour Point. Between these temperatures the wax crystals can however block filters rendering systems such as diesel trucks and domestic heating systems inoperable.
It has long been known that various additives act as wax crystal modifiers when blended with waxy mineral oils. These compositions modify the size and shape of wax crystals and reduce the cohesive forces between the crystals and between the wax and the oil in such a manner as to permit the oil to remain fluid at lower temperatures and in some instances to have improved filterability at temperatures between the cloud point and the pour point.
Various Pour Point depressants have been described in the literature and several of these are in commercial use. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,479 describes the use of copolymers of ethylene and C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 vinyl esters, e.g. vinyl acetate, as pour depressants for fuels, specifically heating oils, diesel and jet fuels. Hydrocarbon polymeric pour depressants based on ethylene and higher alpha-olefins, e.g. propylene, are also known.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,961,916 describes the use of a mixture of copolymers, to control the size of the wax crystals and United Kingdom Patent 1,263,152 states that the size of the wax crystals may be controlled by using a copolymer having a low degree of side chain branching. Both systems improve the ability of the fuel to pass through filters as determined by the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) test because, instead of the plate like crystals that are formed without the presence of additives, the wax crystals produced are needle shaped and will not block the pores of the filter rather forming a porous cake on the filter allowing passage of the remaining fluid.
Other additives have also been proposed. For example, United Kingdom Patent 1,469,016 states that the copolymers of di-n-alkyl fumarate and vinyl acetate which have previously been used as pour depressants for lubricating oils may be used as co-additives with ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers in the treatment of distillate fuels with high final boiling points to improve their low temperature flow properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,252,771 describes the use of polymers of C.sub.16 to C.sub.18 alpha-olefins obtained by polymerising olefin mixtures that predominate in normal C.sub.16 to C.sub.18 alpha-olefins with aluminium trichloride/alkyl halide catalysts as pour depressants in distillate fuels of the broad boiling, easy-to-treat types available in the United States in the early 1960's.
It has also been proposed to use additives based on olefin/maleic anhydride copolymers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,542,542 describes copolymers of olefins such as octadecene with maleic anhydride esterified with an alcohol such as lauryl alcohol as pour depressants and United Kingdom Patent 1,468,588 describes copolymers of C.sub.22 -C.sub.28 olefins with maleic anhydride esterified with behenyl alcohol as coadditives for distillate fuels.
Similarly, Japanese Patent Publication 5,654,037 describes olefin/maleic anhydride copolymers which have been reacted with amines as pour point depressants and Japanese Patent Publication 5,654,038 describes using derivatives of olefin/maleic anhydride copolymers together with conventional middle distillate flow improvers such as ethylene vinyl aceta
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Andrews Rodger F.
Jackson Graham
Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
Mahon John J.
Medley Margaret
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