Pulse or digital communications – Spread spectrum – Direct sequence
Reexamination Certificate
2000-12-20
2004-07-06
Tran, Khai (Department: 2631)
Pulse or digital communications
Spread spectrum
Direct sequence
C375S149000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06760361
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to the spread spectrum communications field and, in particular, to cell search activities performed by a mobile station to obtain time synchronization with a base station and acquire the cell-specific long code and frame timing information used in a code division multiple access (CDMA) communications system.
2. Description of Related Art
The cellular telephone industry has made phenomenal strides in commercial operations throughout the world. Growth in major metropolitan areas has far exceeded expectations and is outstripping system capacity. If this trend continues, the effects of rapid growth will soon reach even the smallest markets. The predominant problem with respect to such continued growth is that the customer base is expanding while the amount of electromagnetic spectrum allocated to cellular service providers for use in carrying radio frequency communications remains limited. Innovative solutions are required to meet these increasing capacity needs in the limited available spectrum, as well as to maintain high quality service and avoid rising prices.
Currently, channel access in cellular systems is primarily achieved using Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) methods. In FDMA systems, a physical communication channel comprises a single radio frequency band into which the transmission power of a signal is concentrated. In TDMA systems, a physical communications channel comprises a time slot in a periodic train of time intervals over the same radio frequency. Although satisfactory performance is being obtained from FDMA and TDMA communications systems, channel congestion due to increasing customer demand commonly occurs. Accordingly, alternate channel access methods are now being proposed, considered and implemented.
Spread spectrum is a communications technology which is finding commercial application as a new channel access method in wireless communications. Spread spectrum systems have been around since the days of World War II. Early applications were predominantly military oriented (relating to smart jamming, radar and satellites). However, there is an increasing interest today in using spread spectrum systems in other communications applications, including digital cellular radio, land mobile radio, and indoor/outdoor personal communication networks.
Spread spectrum operates quite differently from conventional TDMA and FDMA communications systems. In a direct sequence-CDMA (DS-CDMA) spread spectrum transmitter, for example, a digital symbol stream for a given dedicated or common channel at a basic symbol rate is spread to a chip rate. This spreading operation involves applying a channel unique spreading code (sometimes referred to as a signature sequence) to the symbol stream that increases its rate (bandwidth) while adding redundancy. Typically, the digital symbol stream is multiplied by the unique digital code during spreading. The intermediate signal comprising the resulting data sequences (chips) is then added to other similarly processed (i.e., spread) intermediate signals relating to other channels. A base station-unique scrambling code (often referred to as the “long code” since it is in most cases longer than the spreading code) is then applied to the summed intermediate signals to generate an output signal for multi-channel transmission over a communications medium. The dedicated/common channel-related intermediate signals advantageously then share one transmission communications frequency, with the multiple signals appearing to be located on top of each other in both the frequency domain and the time domain. Because the applied spreading codes are channel unique, however, each intermediate signal transmitted over the shared communications frequency is similarly unique, and through the application of proper processing techniques at the receiver may be distinguished from others.
In the DS-CDMA spread spectrum mobile station receiver, the received signals are recovered by applying (i.e., multiplying, or matching) the appropriate scrambling and spreading codes to despread, or removing the coding from the desired transmitted signal and returning to the basic symbol rate. Where the spreading code is applied to other transmitted and received intermediate signals, however, only noise is produced. The despreading operation thus effectively comprises a correlation process that compares the received signal with the appropriate digital code to recover the desired information from the channel.
Before any radio frequency communications or information transfer between a base station and a mobile station of the spread spectrum communications system can occur, the mobile station must find and synchronize itself to the timing reference of that base station. This process is commonly referred to as “cell searching”. In a DS-CDMA spread spectrum communications system, for example, the mobile station must find downlink chip boundaries, symbol boundaries and frame boundaries of this timing reference clock. The most common solution implemented to resolve this Synchronization problem has the base station periodically transmitting (with a repetition period T
p
), and the mobile station detecting and processing, a recognizable synchronization code {overscore (c)}
p
of length N
p
chips as shown in FIG.
1
. The synchronization code may also be referred to as a spreading code for long code masked symbols. This synchronization code is sent with a known modulation and without any long code scrambling. In one type of CDMA communications system, each base station utilizes a different, known synchronization code taken from a set of available synchronization codes. In another type of CDMA communications system, all base stations utilize the same synchronization code, with differences between base stations being identified through the use of differing phase shifts of the synchronization code for the transmissions.
In the spread spectrum receiver of the mobile station, the received signals are demodulated and applied to a filter matched to the synchronization code(s) It is, of course, understood that alternate detection schemes, such as sliding correlation, may be used for synchronization code processing. The output of the matched filter peaks at times which correspond to the reception times of the periodically transmitted synchronization code. Due to the effects of multi-path propagation, several peaks may be detected relating to a single synchronization code transmission. From processing these received peaks in a known manner, a timing reference with respect to the transmitting base station may be found with an ambiguity equal to the repetition period T
p
. If the repetition period equals the frame length, then this timing reference can be used to synchronize mobile station and base station communications operations with respect to frame timing.
While any length of N
p
in chips for the transmitted synchronization code {overscore (c)}
p
may be selected, as a practical matter the length of N
p
in chips is limited by the complexity of the matched filter implemented in the mobile station receiver. At the same time, it is desirable to limit the instantaneous peak power {circumflex over (P)}
p
of the synchronization code signal/channel transmissions in order not to cause high instantaneous interference with other spread spectrum transmitted signals/channels. To obtain sufficient average power with respect to synchronization code transmissions given a certain chip length N
p
, it may become necessary in the CDMA communications system to utilize a synchronization code repetition period T
p
that is shorter than a frame length T
f
as illustrated in FIG.
2
.
Another reason for transmitting multiple synchronization codes {overscore (c)}
p
within a single frame length T
f
is to support inter-frequency downlink synchronization in the compressed mode, as known to those skilled in the art. With compressed mode processing, downlink synchronizati
Anders Nyström Per Johan
Esmailzadeh Riaz
Jamal Karim
Wang Yi-Pin Eric
Burd Kevin M
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ)
Tran Khai
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