Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving viable micro-organism
Reexamination Certificate
2001-02-07
2003-05-06
Leary, Louise N. (Department: 1627)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving viable micro-organism
C435S283100, C435S286100, C435S286500
Reexamination Certificate
active
06558916
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to an apparatus for screening and the pharmacological profiling of compounds modulating a cellular physiological response. This invention also relates to devices for rapid assessment of the properties of compounds that modulate the activities of cells. The compounds investigated may be involved in regulating the activity of signal transduction pathways, cellular responses, cell surface receptors, ion channels, non-selective pores, second messenger pathways, downstream signal transduction pathways, apoptosis, cellular necrosis or any other cellular responses. The devices and methods of the present invention may also be used to perform biochemical analyses, such as Western analyses, Northern analyses, detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), detection of enzymatic activities, or molecular assembly assays.
In some embodiments, this invention relates to methods and apparatus for detecting, evaluating and characterizing the ability and potency of substances to act as agonists or antagonists against receptors and ion channels localized on a cell surface membrane.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Biological cells contain receptor molecules located on their external membrane. The function of these receptors is to “sense” the cell environment and supply the cell with an input signal about any changes in the environment. In eukaryotic organisms such cell environment is comprised of the neighboring cells and the function of the receptor is to allow cells to communicate with each other directly (the paracrine regulatory system) or indirectly (the endocrine regulatory system) thus achieving harmonized response of a tissue, organ or a whole organism. In prokaryotic cells, the surface localized receptors provide a means for detecting extracellular environment.
Having received such a signal, neurotransmitters, hormones, chemoattractant or chemorepellant substances for example, the surface localized receptors transmit this information about extracellular environment into the cell through specific intracellular pathways in such a way that the cell responds in the specific fashion to accommodate these changes. When there is an altered supply of the external signal molecules or an altered activity of the cell surface molecules, the cell response would be abnormal causing malfunctioning of a tissue or an organ.
In eukaryotic cells, receptor molecules determine the selective response of the cell. Each type of receptor can interact only with a specific set of ligand molecules. For example, adrenergic receptors interact with adrenaline and noradrenaline, cholinergic receptors interact with acetylcholine, serotoninergic receptors interact with 5-hydroxytriptamine, dopamineergic with DOPA and so on. The cells derived from the different tissues invariably express specific sets of tissue receptors. Different types of receptors are connected to different signal transduction pathways. For example, nicotinic cholinergic receptor, upon binding acetylcholine molecule, directly activates sodium channel (Claudio et al., 1987, is incorporated herein by reference). G-protein coupled receptors activate enzymes of second messenger pathways, for example, adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C with subsequent activation of cAMP or phosphoinositide cascades (Divecha and Itvine, 1995, is incorporated herein by reference). Receptor tyrosine kinases activate cascade of MEK/MAPK kinases leading to cell differentiation and proliferation (Marshall, 1995 and Herskowitz, 1995, are incorporated herein by reference)]. Cytokine receptors activate JAK/STAT cascade which in turn can regulate other pathways as well as activate gene transcription (Hill & Treisman, 1995, is incorporated herein by reference).
Together with the receptors, the cell surface meirane carries ion pumps, ion transporters and ion channels. These molecular assemblies work in concert to maintain intracellular ion homeostasis. Any changes in the activity of these systems would cause a shift in the intracellular concentrations of ions and consequently to the cell metabolic response.
Ion pumps act to maintain transmembrane ion gradients utilizing ATP as a source of energy. The examples of the ion pumps are: Na
+
/K
+
-ATPase maintaining transmembrane gradient of sodium and potassium ions, Ca
2+
-ATPase maintaining transmembrane gradient of calcium ions and H
+
-ATPase maintaining transmembrane gradient of protons.
Ion transporters use the electrochemical energy of transmembrane gradients of one ion species to maintain gradients of other ion counterpart. For example, the Na
+
/Ca
2+
-exchanger uses the chemical potential of the sodium gradient directed inward to pump out calcium ions against their chemical potential.
Ion channels, upon activation, allow for the ions to move across the cell membrane in accordance with their electrochemical potential. There are two main types of ion channels: voltage operated and ligand-gated. Voltage operated channels are activated to the open state upon changes in transmembrane electric potential. Sodium channels in the neuronal axon or L-type calcium channels in neuromuscular junctions exemplify this kind of channel. Ligand-gated channels are activated to the open state upon binding a certain ligand with the chemoreceptor part of their molecules. The classical example of ligand-gated channels is nicotinic cholinergic receptor which, at the same time, is the sodium channel.
There are numerous methods for detecting ligand/receptor interaction. The most conventional are methods where the affinity of a receptor to a substance of interest is measured in radioligand binding assays. In these assays, one measures specific binding of a reference radiolabeled ligand molecule in the presence and in the absence of different concentrations of the compound of interest. The characteristic inhibition parameter of the specific binding of the reference radiolabeled ligand with the compound of interest, IC
50
, is taken as a measure of the affinity of the receptor to this compound (Weiland & Molinoff, 1981 and Swillens et all., 1995, are incorporated herein by reference). Recent advances in microchip sensor technology made it possible to measure direct interactions of a receptor molecule with a compound of interest in real time. This method allows for determination of both association and dissociation rate constants with subsequent calculation of the affinity parameter (F_gerstam et al., 1992, is incorporated herein by reference). While being very precise and convenient, these methods do not allow to distinguish between agonist and antagonist activity of the compound.
The type of biological activity of the compounds, agonist or antagonist, may be determined in the cell based assays. In the methods described in Harpold & Brust, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference, cells cotransfected with a receptor gene and reporter gene construct, are used to provide means for identification of agonist and antagonist potential pharmaceutical compounds. These methods are inconvenient because they require very laborious manipulations with gene transfection procedures, are highly time consuming and use artificially modified cells. Besides, to prove that the agonistic effect of a particular compound is connected to the stimulation of a transfected receptor, several control experiments with a positive and negative control cell lines should be performed as well.
Most closely related to the methods of this invention are the methods described in Parce et al., 1994, which is incorporated herein by reference. These prior art methods use natural cells and are based on registering the natural cell responses, such as the rate of metabolic acidification, to the biologically active compounds. The disadvantage of the prior art is low throughput speed, each measurement point taking about three minutes. Another disadvantage of the prior art is the use of cells immobilized on the internal surface of the measuring microflow chamber. This leads to the necessity of using separate sili
Kaler Gregory
Veerapandian Pandi
Axiom Biotechnologies, Inc.
Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear LLP
Leary Louise N.
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