Static structures (e.g. – buildings) – Enclosure including flaccid nonmetallic or foraminous surfacing
Reexamination Certificate
2001-04-06
2003-07-22
Friedman, Carl D. (Department: 3635)
Static structures (e.g., buildings)
Enclosure including flaccid nonmetallic or foraminous surfacing
C052S080100, C052S082000, C052S081100, C219S465100, C219S203000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06594958
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a building for containing human occupants in an adverse arctic or antarctic environment that are closed with respect to an environment, such as in polar regions, and that are exposed during operation to an extremely high temperature gradient, such as in polar stations in Arctic and/or Antarctic latitudes. The invention also relates to structures for containing occupants in an adverse environment that are closed with respect to an environment, such as in polar regions and that are exposed during operation to an extremely high temperature gradient, such as in polar stations in Arctic and/or Antarctic latitudes. The invention also relates to a building for containing human occupants in an adverse environment with glazing that are closed with respect to an environment, such as in polar regions, and that are exposed during operation to an extremely high temperature gradient, in particular for use as windows in polar stations in Arctic and/or Antarctic latitudes. The invention also relates to the glazing of structures that are closed with respect to an environment, such as in space, that are exposed during operation to an extremely high temperature gradient, in particular for use as windows in space stations, space vehicles, and missiles. The invention also relates to structures that are closed with respect to an environment, such as extremely high altitudes, that are exposed during operation to an extremely high temperature gradient, in particular for use as windows in airplanes, aircraft, or other vehicles being exposed to extreme temperature gradients.
2. Background of the Invention
Materials that are used in buildings for containing occupants in an adverse environment and structures for containing and protecting occupants in adverse environments, act as a barrier to adverse temperature, and pressure and thus must meet special requirements.
In buildings for containing occupants in an adverse environment and structures for containing and protecting occupants in adverse environments, as a result of atmospheric conditions which include, for example, direct solar radiation on one side while the other side is in shadow, there are extreme temperature differences. High temperature stresses can also be exerted by hot or cold air conditions. Local changes, such as rapid temperature changes, can also result in high temperature gradients across a window in a building. If inappropriate materials are used, stresses can occur that can lead to the failure of the building and/or a building's window.
Temperature gradients also occur between the temperatures of the environments that are separated by the window. In this case, a temperature gradient or difference over the thickness of the window of −250° C. or +120° C., for example, can occur between the temperature of the structure (20° C.) and the temperature in the environment.
Temperature gradients that are not that extreme but that can nevertheless produce high thermo-mechanical stress on the glazing occur on the windows of stations in the Arctic and the Antarctic.
There is an additional factor that has to be taken into consideration in glazing for applications. The materials used must have sufficient hardness and mechanical strength.
In general the glazing, i.e. the window, must allow a distortion-free view and must be easy to clean.
Materials that are used as windows in space stations or missiles as a barrier to the adverse temperature and pressure atmospheric conditions in space must meet special requirements.
As a result of atmospheric conditions, which include, for example, direct solar radiation on one side while the other side is in shadow, there are extreme temperature differences of &Dgr; T≈370 K (sun side: +120° C., shadow side: −250° C.). High temperature stresses can also be exerted by hot or cold gas streams from missiles being launched, landing or flying past. Local changes, such as rotations or rapid temperature changes, can also result in high temperature gradients across a window. If inappropriate materials are used, stresses can occur that can lead to the failure of the window.
Temperature gradients also occur between the temperatures of the environments that are separated by the window, e.g. the inside of the space station or spacecraft and space. In this case, a temperature gradient or difference over the thickness of the window of −250° C. or +120° C., for example, can occur between the temperature of the space station (20° C.) and the temperature in space.
Temperature gradients that are not that extreme but that can nevertheless produce high thermo-mechanical stress on the glazing occur on the windows of stations in the Arctic and the Antarctic.
There is an additional factor that has to be taken into consideration in glazing for applications in space.
Because the atmosphere can contain abrasive media, e.g. sand, dust, small meteorites, space junk etc., the materials used must have sufficient hardness and mechanical strength.
In general the glazing, i.e. the window, must allow a distortion-free view and must be easy to clean.
Materials that are used as windows in aircraft as a barrier to the adverse temperature and pressure in the environment must meet special requirements.
In aircraft, such as airplanes which fly at high and more often at extremely high altitudes, as a result of atmospheric conditions which include, for example, direct solar radiation on one side while the other side is in shadow, there are extreme temperature differences. High temperature stresses can also be exerted by hot or cold air conditions. Local changes, such rapid temperature changes, can also result in high temperature gradients across a window. If inappropriate materials are used, stresses can occur that can lead to the failure of the window.
Temperature gradients also occur between the temperatures of the environments that are separated by the window. In this case, a temperature gradient or difference over the thickness of the window of −250° C. or +120° C., for example, can occur between the temperature of the aircraft (20° C.) and the temperature in the environment.
Temperature gradients that are not that extreme but that can nevertheless produce high thermo-mechanical stress on the glazing occur on the windows of stations in the Arctic and the Antarctic.
There is an additional factor that has to be taken into consideration in glazing for applications. The materials used must have sufficient hardness and mechanical strength.
In general the glazing, i.e. the window, must allow a distortion-free view and must be easy to clean.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The object of the invention is to create an effective glazing for buildings that are enclosed with respect to the environment in polar regions and that are exposed to an extremely high temperature gradient during operation.
Another object of the invention is to create an effective glazing for space stations and space vehicles that are enclosed with respect to the environment in space and that are exposed to an extremely high temperature gradient during operation.
Another object of the invention is to create an effective glazing for aircraft that are enclosed with respect to the environment in the air and that are exposed to an extremely high temperature gradient during operation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention teaches a building for containing human occupants in an adverse Arctic or Antarctic environment, said building comprising: at least one covering element to provide at least one roof portion, at least one wall portion, and at least one floor portion, to provide an interior space to contain and protect occupants from an adverse environment about the building; the at least one covering element being configured to provided protection to occupants in an adverse Arctic or Antarctic environment; an opening to permit occupants to ingress into and egress from the building; an apparatus to close the opening from the outside environment; a window comprising a fram
Hubert Stefan
Karschti Thomas
Melson Sabine
Friedman Carl D.
Glas Schott
Nguyen Chi Q.
Nils H. Ljungman & Associates
LandOfFree
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