Electricity: measuring and testing – Particle precession resonance – Spectrometer components
Reexamination Certificate
2001-08-20
2004-02-10
Gutierrez, Diego (Department: 2859)
Electricity: measuring and testing
Particle precession resonance
Spectrometer components
C324S322000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06690168
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to signal detection and more particularly to apparatus for detecting and imaging bodies.
2. Description of the Related Art
Biomagnetic detection imaging to date has been limited to Magnetic Resonance Imaging devices (“MRI's”) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance devices (“NMR's”) and ultrasound. When using MRI and NMR, the subject matter must be magnetized prior to any detection when using MRI or NMR devices. When magnetized, the subject body will have at least some of its spin vectors in a predominant direction. When the magnet is turned off and the spin vectors return to their normal position, they “wobble” and it is then that they can induce a voltage in a sensor. The wobble is called “magnetic precession”. Ultrasound vibrates the molecules and records the reflected waves as an image.
MRI and NMR devices use a coil of wire as a sensor or a probe which exhibits a voltage when passing over or by the polarized source. Another important concept recognizes that the spin vectors in the body are predominantly up and down. One needs to keep in mind that an unmagnetized subject matter or body still induces a voltage in a moving coil but the signals are diametrically opposed and cancel each other.
The electromagnetic spectrum is a “spin one, dipole vector field” which couples the sensor coil to the subject matter. It has been found that there is also a “quadrupole tensor field” that permeates the universe. Nuclear quadrupole resonance (“NQR”) is used in NMR in association with matter having a crystalline structure. The tensors are individual energy zones, instead of crystals; these nest one inside the other. In a vector field the dipoles are said to be either “up” or “down” and have fixed spin directions of “left” or “right”. This relationship is customarily described as the “left” or “right-hand rule”. The thumb points to the direction of movement of the dipole vector and the fingers point to the direction of spin or current flow.
With a quadrupole field, the left and right-hand spins are independent of the dipole vectors and exist as the four factors: spin up, down, left or right, which enable a quadrupole field to assimilate the information of a dipole vector field as separate pieces of information. In other words, up, left or right will produce two signals; down, right or left will produce two additional signals. They do not cancel each other out. With a dipole sensor producing one volt, a similar quadrupole sensor will produce four volts.
It has been observed that placing a Lorentz or Coriolis quadrupole probe in a magnetic field will facilitate the separation of the dipoles as they exist within the quadrupoles. The north and south sensors, as individual poles in the dipole vector, will receive different information. The important fact or result is that the information from the subject matter or body is now sensed without the requirement that it first be magnetized. In other words, with an MRI, one magnetizes the body to produce a signal while with Biomagnetic Imaging (“BMI”), one magnetizes the Lorentz signals to help separate them and produce a more usable signal or not magnetize as a Coriolis signal and then separate them. The magnet facilitates, but is not necessary in the Lorentz and is ineffective in the Coriolis.
Ultrasound uses high energy sound waves, typically at 10 megahertz to vibrate bone and tissue. This is then reflected back to a sensor probe to produce an image.
Coriolis probes sense the spin two quadrupole sensor fields that vibrate the body naturally at 12 megahertz as a renormalized carrier wave. This signal can be triangulated with a probe to compose an image, as will be shown below.
An MRI device magnetizes the body to produce a signal in a coil. BMI can sense the information with or without the body being magnetized. When doing BMI Lorentz sensing, the north and south poles, with their respective probes, can be joined as a magnet with probes that is external to the subject matter and the sensing is then done on the periphery via the lines of flux. This system is good for both sensing and imaging. When the two fields with probes are separated and facing each other, the subject matter or body can be placed between the poles. Between the probes there is a void that is somewhat spherical and within this void no signal is produced. The north and south magnetic poles should be aligned reversed with the earth's magnetic poles for best results. When stronger external magnets are used the effects of the Earth's magnetic fields are diminished.
The demarcation between sensing and the event horizon of the void is sharply defined. The void is an area where north and south poles cannot be separated with this setup. The size of the void is proportional to the strength of the opposing magnetic fields. Moving or fluctuating the magnetic field will produce enhanced resolution at the event horizon of the void. Coriolis probes require no magnetic fields to enhance signal acquisition.
The purpose of a BMI as a bio magnetic detector (“BMD”) is that it can function using the methods described bove. If a BMI is to be used for imaging, the sensitivity of the Lorentz signal can be enhanced by the strength of the magnetic field, which can be varied but with the Coriolis it is the proximity that determines signal strength. Varying the field means that the separation and/or sensitivity of the signal can be varied. This translates into the fact that varying the lines of flux can determine when and where a signal is sensed.
If the only purpose is detection without spatial resolution then one can compare frequency spectrums to determine the composition of the subject. In the case that an image needs to be produced, X, Y and Z axes need to be established. Each Lorentz axis should contain both north and south poles with their respective sensors. In one example, the probe is invariant and separate coils are not required. In place of the coils, laminated sheets of Nu-metal® (metals of high magnetic permeability) are used. Each axis can be incorporated into one pair of sensor laminated plates.
Note that there are seasonal variations when using coils. In the northern hemisphere, counterclockwise spins dominate from the winter solstice to the summer solstice while clockwise spins dominate from the summer solstice to the winter solstice. The effects of spin can best be renormalized with the use of the invariant probe of Nu-Metal® used in the above described example.
Again, varying the field of a magnet with fields that are interacting with the sensor coils or plates, will set up a gradient and this gradient can be used to establish a field of view but is not required. That field of view can be magnetic and/or computer generated and will be further divided into an orthogonal grid where each box of the grid can represent one pixel in the finished picture. The production of this image using gradients is similar to conventional MRI's.
One extremely important difference is that with an MRI the main magnet produces a polarization of the dipoles of the subject in a predominant direction. The gradient then tries to maintain the magnetic polarization while the sensors record the magnetic precession in between the gradient pulses. In the case of the BMI device, the gradient on the magnet near or incorporated within the sensors, is used to separate and strengthen the signal but is not required for either the Lorentz or Coriolis probes.
The signal is detected when a gradient exists or can be computer generated by comparing Fast Fourier Transforms (“FFTs”) of the signals from the sensors. It is not necessary to magnetize the subject matter. The use of a very short sequence gradient means that the area confined to the wavelength for that particular section in the grid is very small. That signal, when received, can then be further broken down via phase relationships using FFTs of one axis versus the others. The increased resolution would be a vast improvement over existing technologies. There is a high proba
Gutierrez Diego
Kleinberg Marvin H.
Kleinebrg & Lerner, LLP.
Lerner Marshall A.
Shrivastav Brij B.
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