Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Micro-organism – tissue cell culture or enzyme using process... – Using a micro-organism to make a protein or polypeptide
Patent
1996-09-30
1998-11-24
Russel, Jeffrey E.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Micro-organism, tissue cell culture or enzyme using process...
Using a micro-organism to make a protein or polypeptide
1065011, 252 881, 252356, 424 7021, 424401, 426654, 4352521, 504117, 514773, 514938, A23L 105, A61K 9107, B01F 1730, C07K 1422
Patent
active
058405470
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to polymeric substances produced by bacteria, which are used as emulsifying agents. The present invention more particularly relates to bioemulsifiers produced by bacteria, for use in detergents, cosmetics, agriculture, medicine, the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, the textile industry, and for bioremediation.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Bioemulsifiers are surface-active agents derived from biological sources such as bacteria, yeast and fungi, that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. The hydrophobic groups tend to be expelled by the water, while the polar or hydrophilic groups tend to remain in the water. The hydrophobic moiety is usually a hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid, whereas the hydrophilic part is usually alcohol groups of sugars, carboxyl groups of uronic acids, amino acids or fatty acids, and phosphate-containing portions of phospholipids. The surface active properties of an emulsifier molecule depend on the balance between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions.
Bioemulsifiers can be classified into two main groups: (i) Low molecular weight lipid-containing such as glycolipids, fatty acids, phospholipids and lipopeptides and (ii) high molecular weight amphipathic molecules. High molecular weight emulsifiers are amphipathic molecules, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. Their structure enables them to be efficient stabilizers of hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions.
These biopolymers usually consist of a combination of a hydrophilic polysaccharide backbone with additional hydrophobic components that may be covalently or non-covalently linked. The hydrophobic moiety necessary for emulsifications, can be protein as in the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus BD4 emulsifier and liposan from Candida lipolytica, or a lipid as in the RAG-1 emulsan of A. calcoaceticus RAG-1.
Two extracellular polysaccharide-containing emulsifiers, produced by A. calcoaceticus, have been studied extensively: RAG-1 and BD4 emulsans. The RAG-1 emulsan is a non-covalently linked complex of a lipoheteropolysaccharide and protein. The polysaccharide, called apoemulsan, has a molecular weight of about 9.9.times.10.sup.5. The major sugar components of apoemulsan are D-galactosamine, D-galactosaminuronic acid and diaminodideoxy glucosamine. Fatty acids are covalently linked to the polysaccharide backbone through O-ester and N-acyl linkages.
The fatty acids constitute about 5-15% (w/w) of the polymer and contribute to the amphipathic behavior of emulsan. RAG-1 emulsan stabilizes emulsions by binding tightly to the hydrocarbon-water interface, forming a strong polymeric film. The anionic heteropolysaccharide binds considerable amount of water and, together with the strong negative surface charge, prevents coalescence of the droplets. With RAG-1 emulsan, the protein is not absolutely required for emulsifying activity, probably because of the hydrophobic fatty acids that contribute significantly to its activity.
A. calcoaceticus BD4 produces a large polysaccharide capsule. When released into the medium, the capsular polysaccharide forms a complex with proteins which then becomes an effective emulsifier. Thus, the protein portion plays a crucial role in the emulsifying activity of the emulsan. The BD4 emulsan polysaccharide (PS-4) consists of the repeating heptasacccharide unit: L-rhamnose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid and D-mannose in molar ratios of 4:1:1:1. Extracellular protein fractions of BD4, free of polysaccharide or the polysaccharide by itself, were not active. However, reconstitution of the two portions together showed the original emulsifying ability.
Emulsifiers are used widely in industry, e.g., in medical and cosmetic products and in food systems. They can be used as agents to combat oil spills on beaches and in the sea. The materials that are currently in use commercially as emulsifiers are produced mainly by chemical synthesis. There is a great interest in studying bioemulsifiers because they have some advantages, such as their selectivity
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Navon-Venezia et al., Alasan, a New Bioemulsifier From Acinetobacter radioresistens, Applied and Enviormental Microbiology,Sept. 1995, vol. 61, No. 9. pp. 3240-3244.
Nishimura et al., Acinetobacter radioresistens Sp. Nov. Isolated from Cotton and Soil, International Journal Of Systematic Bacteriology, Apr. 1988, vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 209-11.
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 121, No. 15, Oct. 10, 1994, p. 995, 17864f, Juwarker et al., "Hydrocarbon Partitioning in Soil Slurries by Biosurfactant from Acinetobactor radioresistens" J. Microb. Biotechnol., 1993.
Ron Eliora Z.
Rosenberg Eugene
Dippert William H.
RAMOT University Authority for Applied Research & Indfustrial
Russel Jeffrey E.
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