Metal founding – Process – Shaping liquid metal against a forming surface
Reexamination Certificate
2002-10-01
2003-12-23
Dunn, Tom (Department: 1725)
Metal founding
Process
Shaping liquid metal against a forming surface
C164S004100, C164S150100, C164S229000, C264S132000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06666255
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of identification bar codes, readers, and scanners, and more particularly, is directed to a bar code stencil and method of using such a stencil to integrally embed, bond, attach, mold, or adhere a bar code into or onto an article during its manufacture, remanufacture, rebuilding, or revitalization. The stencil may also be used in a postproduction or aftermarket refit identification procedure for bar code marking of articles.
The development of modern bar codes began in the 1940s in response to the food industry's need for a reliable and economical system for inventory control and for automatically reading product information at grocery store checkouts. The first patent to issue on such a system is believed to be U.S. Pat. No. 2,612,994 entitled Classifying Apparatus and Method and which issued on Oct. 7, 1952.
Although the coding system used in the '994 patent relied on a series of concentric circles to encode the identification information, the original coding approach developed by the inventors was a series of narrow and wide vertical lines much like present day bar code systems. Early implementations of the concentric circle approach proved unreliable however, as the circles were difficult to print without smearing. Smeared circles introduced reading errors when scanned and thus were unacceptable. The use of vertical bars eliminated the smearing problem and associated scanning errors.
Since the adoption of the Universal Product Code (UPC) in 1973, bar codes have proliferated to virtually all areas of article and product identification. Bar codes are now widely recognized as an economical and reliable identification system.
Over the years, a number of different versions of the UPC bar code have been developed. Version A is one of the most popular and is illustrated in FIG.
1
. The Version A format includes a plurality of spaced vertical bars
1
which form the bar code and a plurality of human readable digits which correspond to the bar code, i.e., “0 25528 43507 3” as indicted by reference number
2
.
As shown in
FIG. 1
, the code is divided into 12 digits, with the first digit
3
being usually a “0”. The next five digits
4
are assigned to the product manufacturer by the Uniform Code Council and thus serve to identify the manufacturer. Accordingly, all of the bar codes for the same manufacturer will have these same five digits. The next five digits
5
represent the item identification code given to a particular product by the manufacture. Thus, 99,999 products can be uniquely identified. The final twelfth digit
6
is a check digit which is used by the bar code scanner to confirm the accuracy of the scan.
Each of the human readable digits is encoded into the code using a two-part binary coding system as indicated in the table below:
Code Key
Digit
Left
Right
Value
Binary Code
Binary Code
0
0001101
1110010
1
0011001
1100110
2
0010011
1101100
3
0111101
1000010
4
0100011
1011100
5
0110001
1001110
6
0101111
1010000
7
0111011
1000100
8
0110111
1001000
9
0001011
1110100
Each A1″ in the key code is represented by a black bar
7
as illustrated in FIG.
1
and each A0″ in the key code is represented by a white line or space
8
. There is a center code of four lines (binary digits 01010) which bisect the bar code. On the left side of the bar code, the Left Binary Code digits from the above table are used and on the right side of the bar code, the Right Binary Code digits from the table are used. This mirror image coding technique allows the scanner to read the number code in either direction. Start and stop codes are used by the scanner to set the width of the binary digits within the bar code symbol. The scanner also uses the check digit to calculate a check sum as is know in the art. If the correct check sum is not calculated, the bar code read is rejected.
FIG. 2
is a further illustration of a typical UPC bar code with its constituent parts labeled.
As a testament to the popularity of bar code use, the UPC bar code is scheduled to be phased out by the year 2005 because its 12-digit length will no longer be sufficient to handle the demand for bar codes. In its place, the United States is expected to adopt a version of the European Article Numbering (EAN) system. The EAN bar code system has thirteen digits and can thus accommodate substantially more product identifications than the UPC.
The traditional printed bar code system continues to serve its original purpose of grocery store inventory control and check out very well. Bar codes formed of conventional two-dimensional printed bars work well where the article to be labeled is not subject to a harsh environment and the bar code label is not likely to be rubbed off or smeared over so that it cannot be read.
The food industry serves as an ideal environment for conventional bar codes. Bar codes used for food labeling are unlikely to be subjected to harsh environments due to the inherent need to prevent adulteration and damage to the food package. Thus, the bar code label is not likely to become damaged or unreadable.
The bar code system has in some respects however, become the victim of its own success. Today, attempts are being made to use bar codes in many environments in which a conventional printed two-dimensional bar code, such as the one used for food products, cannot be used. One such environment is the tire manufacturing industry.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,160,383 assigned to Goodyear Tire & Rubber discloses one example of the use of a bar code labeling technique in the tire industry. According to the patent, it is important that a tire label be highly durable so that it may still be read after many years of tire service and multiple retreadings. The patent also notes that serial numbers can be molded into tire sidewalls but that doing so is labor intensive and costly. Thus, Goodyear sought to improve upon conventional tire labeling systems by attaching an identification label to the rubber inter lining of an uncured tire. The label is made of two materials which are co-curable with the rubber of the tire. The tire is then cured using a conventional curing process which results in the label becoming permanently affixed to the inside of the tire.
Goodyear also is the assignee of U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,101 which discloses a method of molding a bar code configuration onto the sidewall of a tire. The bar code configuration has a plurality of sloped reflective surfaces which allow more flexibility in locating the bar code scanner without adversely effecting the accuracy of the scan. A bar code plate mold insert is used to mold the bar code configuration into the sidewall of the tire during the vulcanization process.
Another technique for labeling a tire is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,522 assigned to the Yokohama Rubber Company. The Yokohama approach involves an improved bar code plate mold insert which is also used to mold a bar code into a side wall of the tire during the vulcanization process. The improved plate is said to solve the problem of deterioration of the tire's resistance to weather in the area of the molded bar code.
The instant invention differs from the above-cited patents in many respects, the chief of which being both the uniqueness of each stencil and the disposability of the stencil. That is, the instant invention requires that each stencil be made with a code unique to the part being marked. Because harsh environment marks are typically placed on durable goods, i.e., car parts, aerospace parts, heavy equipment parts, oil pipes, etc., the market and regulatory need is for traceability throughout the useful life of the part and the piece of equipment, machine, or item of which the marked part is assembled into. In essence, the marks made possible by the instant invention will allow databases to be developed which follow the marked part from the date of marking to the end of the useful life. It is contemplated that the marks made possible by the instant invention will play an important role in facilitating databases
Banner & Witcoff , Ltd.
Dunn Tom
Lin I.-H.
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