Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Carbohydrates or derivatives
Patent
1994-04-25
1997-02-11
Wilson, James O.
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates or derivatives
536 231, 536 253, 536 2534, 536 255, 536 256, 514 44, C07H 2100, C12N 1511
Patent
active
056022409
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF TEE INVENTION
This invention relates to the design, synthesis and application of nuclease resistant oligonucleotide analogs which are useful for therapeutics, diagnostics and as research reagents. The oligonucleotide analogs of the invention have modified linkages instead of the phosphorodiester bonds that normally serve as inter-sugar linkages in wild type nucleic acids. The analogs of the invention are resistant to nuclease degradation and are capable of modulating the activity of DNA and RNA. Methods for synthesizing these oligonucleotide analogs and for modulating the production of proteins using the oligonucleotide analogs of the invention are also provided.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is well known that most of the bodily states in mammals, including most disease states, are effected by proteins. Such proteins, either acting directly or through their enzymatic functions, contribute in major proportion to many diseases in animals and man.
Classical therapeutics has generally focused upon interactions with such proteins in an effort to moderate their disease causing or disease potentiating functions. Recently, however, attempts have been made to moderate the actual production of such proteins by interactions with the molecules (i.e., intracellular RNA) that direct their synthesis. These interactions have involved the hybridization to RNA of complementary "antisense" oligonucleotides or certain analogs thereof. Hybridization is the sequence-specific hydrogen bonding of oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide analogs to RNA or to single stranded DNA. By interfering with the production of proteins, it has been hoped to effect therapeutic results with maximum effect and minimal side effects. Oligonucleotide analogs also may modulate the production of proteins by an organism by a similar mechanism.
The pharmacological activity of antisense oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs, like other therapeutics, depends on a number of factors that influence the effective concentration of these agents at specific intracellular targets. One important factor for oligonucleotides is the stability of the species in the presence of nucleases. It is unlikely that unmodified oligonucleotides will be useful therapeutic agents because they are rapidly degraded by nucleases. Modifications of oligonucleotides to render them resistant to nucleases therefore are greatly desired.
Modifications of oligonucleotides to enhance nuclease resistance have generally taken place on the phosphorus atom of the sugar-phosphate backbone. Phosphorothioates, methyl phosphonates, phosphoramidates, and phosphorotriesters have been reported to confer various levels of nuclease resistance. However, phosphate-modified oligonucleotides of this type generally have suffered from inferior hybridization properties. Cohen, J. S., ed. Oligonucleotides: Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression, (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., 1989).
Another key factor is the ability of antisense compounds to traverse the plasma membrane of specific cells involved in the disease process. Cellular membranes consist of lipid-protein bilayers that are freely permeable to small, nonionic, lipophilic compounds yet inherently impermeable to most natural metabolites and therapeutic agents. Wilson, D. B. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 47: 933-965 (1978). The biological and antiviral effects of natural and modified oligonucleotides in cultured mammalian cells have been well documented. Thus, it appears that these agents can penetrate membranes to reach their intracellular targets. Uptake of antisense compounds by a variety of mammalian cells, including HL-60, Syrian Hamster fibroblast, U937, L929, CV-1 and ATH8 cells, has been studied using natural oligonucleotides and certain nuclease resistant analogs, such as alkyl triesters. Miller, P. S., Braiterman, L. T. and Ts'O, P.O.P., Biochemistry 16: 1988-1996 (1977); methyl phosphonates, Marcus-Sekura, C. H., Woerner, A. M., Shinozuka, K., Zon, G., and Quinman, G. V., Nuc. Acids Res. 15: 5749-5763 (1987) and Miller, P. S., McParl
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Cook Phillip D.
De Mesmaeker Alain
Lebreton Jacques
Waldner Adrian
Ciba Geigy AG.
ISIS Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Wilson James O.
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