Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Whole live micro-organism – cell – or virus containing – Genetically modified micro-organism – cell – or virus
Patent
1997-03-06
1999-08-03
Wax, Robert A.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Whole live micro-organism, cell, or virus containing
Genetically modified micro-organism, cell, or virus
4352523, 530350, 530825, 514 12, 424 934, 424 93461, 424832, A01N 6300, A01N 3718, C07K 14325, C12N 121
Patent
active
059322098
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The soil microbe Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium characterized by parasporal crystalline protein inclusions. These inclusions often appear microscopically as distinctively shaped crystals. The proteins can be highly toxic to pests and specific in their toxic activity. Certain B.t. toxin genes have been isolated and sequenced, and recombinant DNA-based B.t. products have been produced and approved for use. In addition, with the use of genetic engineering techniques, new approaches for delivering these B.t. endotoxins to agricultural environments are under development, including the use of plants genetically engineered with endotoxin genes for insect resistance and the use of stabilized intact microbial cells as B.t. endotoxin isolated B.t. endotoxin genes are becoming commercially valuable.
Until the last ten years, commercial use of B.t. pesticides has been largely restricted to a narrow range of lepidopteran (caterpillar) pests. Preparations of the spores and crystals of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki have been used for many years as commercial insecticides for lepidopteran pests. For example, B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 produces a crystalline .delta.-endotoxin which is toxic to the larvae of a number of lepidopteran insects.
In recent years, however, investigators have discovered B.t. pesticides with specificities for a much broader range of pests. For example, other species of B.t., namely israelensis and tenebrionis (a.k.a. B.t. M-7, a.k.a. B.t. san diego), have been used commercially to control insects of "Cellular Delivery Systems for Insecticidal Proteins: Living and Non-Living Microorganisms," in Controlled Delivery of Crop Protection Agents, R. M. Wilkins, ed., Taylor and Francis, New York and London, 1990, pp. 245-255). See also Couch, T. L. (1980) "Mosquito Pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis," Developments in Industrial Microbiology 22:61-76; Beegle, C. C., (1978) "Use of Entomogenous Bacteria in Agroecosystems," Developments in Industrial Microbiology 20:97-104. Krieg, A., A. M. Huger, G. A. Langenbruch, W. Schnetter (1983) Z. ang. Ent. 96:500-508, describe Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, which is reportedly active against two beetles in the order Coleoptera. These are the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and Agelastica alni.
Recently, new subspecies of B.t. have been identified, and genes responsible for encoding active .delta.-endotoxin proteins have been 52(2):242-255). Hofte and Whiteley classified B.t. crystal protein genes into 4 major classes. The classes were CryI (Lepidoptera-specific), CryII (Lepidoptera- and Diptera-specific), CryIII (Coleoptera-specific), and CryIV (Diptera-specific). The discovery of strains specifically toxic to Bio/Technology 10:271-275).
The cloning and expression of a B.t. crystal protein gene in Escherichia coli has been described in the published literature (Schnepf, H. E., H. R. 4,448,885 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,467,036 both disclose the expression of B.t. crystal protein in E. coli. Hybrid B.t. crystal proteins have been constructed that exhibit increased toxicity and display an expanded host range to a target pest. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,128,130 and 5,055,294. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,797,276 and 4,853,331 disclose B. thuringiensis strain tenebrionis (a.k.a. M-7, a.k.a. B.t. san diego) which can be used to control coleopteran pests in various environments. U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,006 discloses B.t. toxins having activity against dipterans. U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,217 discloses B.t. isolates which have activity against the alfalfa weevil. U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,017 discloses coleopteran-active Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,363 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,948,734 disclose certain isolates of B.t. which have activity against nematodes. As a result of extensive research and investment of resources, other patents have issued for new B.t. isolates and new uses of B.t. isolates. However, the discovery of new B.t. isolates and new uses of known B
REFERENCES:
patent: 4448885 (1984-05-01), Schnepf et al.
patent: 4467036 (1984-08-01), Schnepf et al.
patent: 4695455 (1987-09-01), Barnes et al.
patent: 4797276 (1989-01-01), Hernstadt et al.
patent: 4849217 (1989-07-01), Soares et al.
patent: 4853331 (1989-08-01), Hernstadt et al.
patent: 4918006 (1990-04-01), Ellar et al.
patent: 4948734 (1990-08-01), Edwards et al.
patent: 5055294 (1991-10-01), Gilroy
patent: 5128130 (1992-07-01), Gilroy et al.
patent: 5151363 (1992-09-01), Payne
patent: 5208017 (1993-05-01), Bradfisch et al.
patent: 5593881 (1997-01-01), Thompson et al.
Li, J., et al. (1991) "Crystal Structure of Insecticidal .delta.-Endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis at 2.5 .ANG. resolution" Nature, vol. 353, pp. 815-821.
Choma, C.T., et al. (1990) "Unusual Proteolysis of the Protoxin and Toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis Structural Implications" Eur. J. Biochem. 189:523-527.
Haider, M. Z., et al. "Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri insecticidal .delta.-Endotoxin is determined by differential proteolytic processing of the protoxin by larval gut protease" Eur. J. Biochem. 156:531-540.
Aronson, A. I., et al. (1991) "The Solubility of Inclusion Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis is Dependent upon Protoxin Composition and is a Factor in Toxicity to Insects" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57(4): 981-986.
Honee, G., et al. (1991) "The C-terminal Domain of the Toxic Fragment of a Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Protein Determines Receptor Binding" Molecular Microbiology 5(11): 2799-2806.
Arvidson, H., et al. (1989) "Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis for Lepidopteran Larvae: Factors involved in vivo and in the Structure of a Purified Toxin." Molecular Microbiology 3(11): 1533-1543.
Honee, G., et al. (1990) "A Translation Fusion Product of Two Different Insecticidal Crystal Protein Genes of Bacillus thuringiensis Exhibits an Enlarged Insecticidal Spectrum" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56(3): 823-825.
Feitelson, J.S., et al. (1992) "Bacillus thuringiensis: Insects and Beyond" Biotechnology 10:271-275.
Schnepf, H.E., et al. (1981) "Cloning and Expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Protein Gene in Escherichia coli" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78(5): 2893-2897.
Hofte, H., et al., (1989) "Insecticidal Crystal Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis" Microbiology Reviews 53(2): 242-255.
Kreig, V.A., et al., (1983) "Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, a new pathotype effective against larvae of Coleoptera." Z. Ang. Ent. 96:500-508.
Beegle, C.C. (1978) "Use of Entomogenous Bacteria in Agroecosystems" Developments in Industrial Microbiology 20:97-104.
Couch, T.L. (1980) "Mosquito Pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var isaelensis" Developments in Industrial Microbiology 22:61-76.
Gaertner, F.H. (1989) "Cellular Delivery Systems for Insecticidal Proteins: Living and Non-Living Microorganisms" in Controlled Delivery of Crop Protection Agents, R.M. Wilkins, ed., Taylor and Francis, New York and London, 1990, pp. 245-255.
Gaertner, F.H., Leo Kim(1988) "Current Applied Recombinant DNA Projects" TIBTECH 6:54-57.
Nakamura et al. Construction of chimeric insecticidal proteins . . . Agric. Biol. Chem. 54(3) 715-724, 1990.
Stiekman et al. Recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis protein genes and their entomocidal host range. J. Cellular Biochem. 14E: 341, 1990.
Raymond et al. Larvicidal activity of chimeric bacillus thuringiensis protoxins. Mol. Microbiol. 4(11):1967-1974, 1990.
Schnepf H. Ernest
Schwab George E.
Stockhoff Brian
Thompson Mark
Bugaisky Gabriele E.
Mycogen Corporation
Wax Robert A.
LandOfFree
Bacillus thuringiensis .delta.-endotoxin does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Bacillus thuringiensis .delta.-endotoxin, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Bacillus thuringiensis .delta.-endotoxin will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-847390