Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Processes – Preparation of product which is dry in final form
Patent
1998-06-12
2000-10-17
Kishore, Gollamudi S.
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Processes
Preparation of product which is dry in final form
4241841, 4241931, 424812, 436829, A61K 9127
Patent
active
061327891
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to liposomes (closed lipid vesicles) made from archaeobacterial lipids, from non-archaeobacterial lipids, and mixtures thereof, and to the use of such liposomes for the enhanced delivery of pharmaceutical and other compounds to specific cell types such as macrophages/phagocytes/antigen processing cells and to specific tissues in life-forms such as humans, and for the enhancement of the immune response to antigen(s) presented to a life-form such as a human. The vesicles of this invention may be used in vaccine formulations after encapsulation of, or in conjunction with, one or more immunogen, with or without mediation by the presence of other adjuvants or compounds. The invention may also be used, without limitations, for delivery of drugs, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, biological compounds such as enzymes or DNA or hormones, therapeutics, imaging agents etc to specific cell types or specific tissues in an animal such as a human and other life-forms. Another application may be to use antibiotics/antiviral agents encapsulated in archaeosomes to treat diseases, where the infective organisms may reside as intracellular reservoirs (such as in macrophages) for re-infection.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Liposomes are closed lipid vesicles containing an entrapped aqueous volume. The hydrophilic head groups of the lipids forming liposomes are oriented towards the aqueous environments present inside and outside the liposomes, whereas the hydrophobic regions of the lipids are sandwiched between the polar head groups and away from the aqueous environments. Liposomes may be unilamellar containing a single lipid bilayer, or multilamellar containing multiple bilayers (onion-like in structure) with an aqueous space separating each bilayer from the other. Various techniques for forming liposomes have been described in the literature, including but not limited to, pressure extrusion, detergent dialysis, dehydration-rehydration, reverse-phase evaporation, remote loading, sonication and other methods (13). Liposomes made from conventional ester phospholipids such as phosphatidyleholine are referred to herein as conventional liposomes, even if they contain sterols or other compounds in their bilayer.
Liposomes consisting of a lipid bilayer, a monolayer or a combination thereof, made from any lipid(s) which include in their composition ether lipids extracted from or found in Archaeobacteria, or those synthesized to mimic lipids found in archaeobacteria, are referred to herein as archaeosomes.
Archaea (Archaeobacteria) are considered to be distinct from eubacteria and eukaryotes, and they include aerobic, anaerobic, thermophilic, extremely thermophilic, thermoacidophilic, and halophilic microorganisms. Total lipid extracts from individual species of Archaea consist of polar ether lipids and from 5 to 20% neutral lipids. The polar ether lipids of Archaea consist of branched phytanyl chains which are usually saturated and are attached via ether bonds to the glycerol carbons at the sn-2,3 positions (8). In contrast to this, in conventional phospholipids found in Eubacteria and Eukaryotes, fatty acyl chains which may be unsaturated, are attached via ester bonds to the sn-1,2 carbons of the glycerol backbone. The core structures of the archaeobacterial ether lipids (the polar head groups removed by hydrolysis) consist of the standard diether lipid (2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol or archaeol), and the standard tetraether lipid (2,2', 3, 3'-tetra-O-dibiphytanyl-sn-diglycerol or caldarchaeol) and modifications thereof (8). Diether lipids are monopolar like the conventional phospholipids, whereas the tetraether lipids are bipolar. The polar head groups, attached to the sn-1 glycerol carbon in the diethers and to the sn-1 and sn-1' glycerol carbons in the tetraethers, can vary and may include phospho groups, glyco groups, phosphoglyco groups, polyol groups, or hydroxyl groups (18). In contrast to the phosphatidylcholine conventional lipid commonly used in liposome formulations, the phosphoc
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Makabi-Panzu Boby
Patel Girishchandra B.
Sprott G. Dennis
Tolson Douglas L.
Kishore Gollamudi S.
National Research Council of Canada
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