Chemical apparatus and process disinfecting – deodorizing – preser – Analyzer – structured indicator – or manipulative laboratory... – Means for analyzing liquid or solid sample
Patent
1993-04-06
1995-05-02
Czaja, Donald E.
Chemical apparatus and process disinfecting, deodorizing, preser
Analyzer, structured indicator, or manipulative laboratory...
Means for analyzing liquid or solid sample
422 681, 436 43, 436180, G01N 3508, G01N 3510
Patent
active
054117089
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
DESCRIPTION
The present invention relates to a process for the determination of analytes in liquid samples, and the relative apparatus.
Prior art
In manual practice for performance of chemical analysis, after having defined the reaction chemism and the reagents required for its development, the addition of the reagents to the sample to be analyzed takes place and mixing is performed in order to minimize the molecular diffusion times and thus permit rapid development of the reaction. In the case of colorimetric methods, which are by far the most widely used methods of chemical analysis, development of the reaction brings about a variation in transmittamcy of the range of reaction products with transparency and/absorption bands on specific wavelengths which can be correlated, after calibration, with the concentration of the parameter being measured.
Many systems have been turned up over the last fifty years with the aim of rendering chemical analysis more and more automatic, a large number of methods allowing said automization has been tuned up using instruments having the following analytical principles.
These three analytical principles will be briefly analyzed below.
Continuous Flow Analysis
Using this principle, instruments for automatic chemical analysis with innumerable applications have been developed.
In an analytical reactor (Manifold), all the reagents necessary for development of the reaction are continuously added, by means of a positive-displacement pump. The flow of reagents is divided at regular intervals of time (normally approximately two seconds) by air bubbles, so as to define small segments of liquid, which advance under the thrust of the pump. The samples to be analyzed are inserted in sequence, at pre-determined intervals, into the flow of segmented reagents. Contact between the samples and the reagents starts development of the reaction, which is accelerated by mixing, performed dynamically on the previously obtained segments of liquid, which are made to flow through coils of suitable length.
The flow of reagents, mixed with the samples, after having crossed the Manifold, where the reaction has been completely developed, reaches the detector (in the case of colorimetric methods this is obviously a colorimeter, but it can also be any other detector producing an electric signal in proportion to the concentration of the parameter being measured). The methods applying the analytical principle of Continuous Flow Analysis make it possible to carry out tests for End Point reactions (that is to say on complete termination of the reaction) and Kinetic reactions (performing a series of tests as the reaction develops and evaluating the speed at which the parameters measured vary).
Flow Injection Analysis
F.I.A. (Flow Injection Analysis) represents a variation, and in some cases an evolution, of Continuous Flow Analysis, and makes it possible to automate most of the methods developed for C.F.As. All the reagents necessary for development of the reaction are continuously added in the analytic reactor by means of a positive-displacement pump. Unlike Continuous Flow Analysis, in Flow Injection Analysis (F.I.A.) there is no segmentation of the flow. A known volume of sample is injected rapidly into the flow of reagents, giving an extremely marked effect of molecular diffusion and a consequent rapid start of the chemical reaction. The flow of reagents and sample quickly reaches the detector, while the reaction is still under progress. The detector generates an electric signal proportional to the concentration of the parameter being measured.
Discrete Analysis
Discrete analyzers, defined thus as opposed to Continuous Flow ones, have seen formidable development during the last few years, especially in the clinical chemistry sector, and for the most part use the same reaction chemisms developed for Continuous Flow. However, in the Discrete analyzers no particular methodological concepts are used, as is the case in Continuous Flow Analysis or Flow Injection Analysis, as the classical manual methods are re
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Cano Milton I.
Czaja Donald E.
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