Plastic article or earthenware shaping or treating: apparatus – With direct application of magnetic force to manipulate...
Reexamination Certificate
1998-11-25
2001-01-16
Mackey, James P. (Department: 1722)
Plastic article or earthenware shaping or treating: apparatus
With direct application of magnetic force to manipulate...
C264S008000, C425S008000, C425S130000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06174153
ABSTRACT:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present invention is related to the following U.S. patent applications that are filed simultaneously with this application:
“Gyricon Displays Utilizing Magnetic Addressing And Latching Mechanisms” by Sheridon, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/199,544.
“Gyricon Displays Utilizing Rotating Elements And Magnetic Latching” by Sheridon, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/199,403.
“Gyricon Displays Utilizing Magnetic Elements And Magnetic Trapping” by Sheridon, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/200,533.
“Method Of Making Uniformly Magnetized Elements For A Gyricon Display” by Sheridon, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/199,646.
“A Method Of Making A Gyricon Display Using Magnetic Latching” by Sheridon, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/200,505.
“A Method Of Making A Gyricon Display Using Magnetic Latching” by Sheridon, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/199,818.
“A Method Of Making A Gyricon Display Using Magnetic Latching” by Sheridon, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/199,543.
“Magnetic Unlatching And Addressing Of A Gyricon Display” by Sheridon, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/199,473.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The following U.S. patents are herein fully incorporated by reference:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,854 by Sheridon titled “Twisting Ball Panel Display”,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,103 by Sheridon titled “Method Of Making A Twisting Ball Panel Display”,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,098 by Crowley et al. titled “Method And Apparatus For Fabrication Bichromal Balls For A Twisting Ball Display”,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,594, by Sheridon titled “Method For Fabrication Of Multicolored Balls For A Twisting Ball Display”,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,945, by Sheridon titled “Writing System Including Paper-Like Digitally Addressed Media and Addressing Device Therefor”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,027 by Sheridon titled “Some Uses Of Microencapsulation For Electric Paper”,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,514 by Sheridon titled “Polychromal Segmented Balls For A Twisting Ball Display”,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,826 by Sheridon et al. titled “Substractive Color Twisting Ball Display”,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,782 by Sheridon titled “Auxiliary Optics For A Twisting Ball Display”,
U.S. Pat. No. 6,055,091 by Sheridon et al. titled “Twisting Cylinder Display”,
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/960,865 by Sheridon et al. titled “Twisting Cylinder Display”,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,367 by Sheridon titled “Twisting Cylinder Display Using Multiple Chromatic Values”, and
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/037,767 by Howard et al. titled “Charge Retention Islands For Electric Paper And Applications Thereof”.
BACKGROUND
This invention relates generally to Electric Paper or Gyricons and more particularly concerns a rotating element sheet material in which magnetic fields are used in addition to electric fields for addressing, latching the rotating elements into place once an image has been selected for display, and to provide selected threshold behaviors for individual types of elements.
Lee (L. L. Lee, “A Magnetic Particles Display”, IEEE Trans. On Elect. Devices, Vol. ED-22, Number 9, September 1975 and L. L. Lee, “Matrix Addressed Magnetic Particles Display”, in 1977 Soc. For Information Display International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, Boston, April 1977) has described the addressing of a twisting rotating element display in which the rotating elements have a magnetic dipole with magnetic fields. U.S. Pat. No. 3,036,388 by Tate, and issued in May 1962 uses a stylus consisting of a magnetic dipole to address a display consisting of magnetized particles having black and white surfaces corresponding to a given magnetic polarity. More recently, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,398 by Nakanishi et al. and titled “Magnetic Display System” describes the use of a magnetic dipole to address a display consisting of black ferromagnetic particles and white, non-magnetic particles dispersed in an oil and in turn contained in microcapsules arranged in a layer. Upon application of a magnetic dipole, the black ferromagnetic particles are pushed to the rear of the microcapsules, revealing only the white particles, or pulled to the front of the microcapsules so that mostly only the black ferromagnetic particles can be seen by an observer.
In the above prior art only magnetic fields`` are used to address twisting or moving magnetic particles and rotating elements. There is no mention or attempt to use electrical fields combined with magnetic fields.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,854 titled “Twisting Ball Panel Display” issued Nov. 21, 1978, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,103 titled “Method Of Making A Twisting Ball Display”, issued Mar. 6, 1979, both by Sheridon, describe a twisting rotating element (or “Gyricon”) display that comprises bichromal rotating elements contained in liquid-filled spherical cavities and embedded in an elastomer medium. One segment of the bichromal rotating elements has a larger electrical charge in contact with the liquid and in the presence of the electrical field than the other segment. Thus, for a given polarity of applied electrical field, one segment will rotate toward and be visible to an observer of the display. Applying the opposite polarity of electrical field will cause the rotating element to rotate and present the other segment to be seen by the observer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,143,103 describes the response of the bichromal rotating element to the applied electrical field as a threshold response. That is, as the external field is increased, the bichromal rotating element remains stationary in position, until a threshold voltage is reached, at which time the rotating element starts to rotate from its initial position. The amount of rotation increases with an increasing electrical field until a 180 degree rotation can be achieved. The value of the external field that causes a 180 degree rotation is called the full addressing voltage.
The response pattern of the bichromal rotating element to an external electrical field determines the types of addressing that may be used to create images on the Gyricon display. There are known in the art three types of addressing schemes for displays. The first of these is active matrix addressing, which places the least demands on the properties of the display.
In active matrix addressing a separate addressing electrode is provided for each pixel of the display and each of these electrodes is continuously supplied with an addressing voltage. The complete set of voltages can be changed for each addressing frame. This type of addressing places the least demands on the properties of the display medium, however, active matrix addressing is the most expensive, most complicated and least energy efficient type of addressing.
The second type of addressing scheme is passive matrix addressing. Passive matrix addressing makes use of two sets of electrodes, one on each side of the display medium. Typically, one of these consists of horizontal conductive bars and the other consists of vertical conductive bars. The bars on the front surface or window of the display are necessarily transparent. To address the display medium a voltage is placed on a horizontal conductive bar and a voltage is placed on a vertical conductive bar. The segment of medium located at the intersection of these two bars experiences a voltage equal to the sum of these two voltages. If the voltages are equal, as they usually are, the sections of medium located adjacent to the each of the bars, but not at the intersection of the bars, experience ½ the voltage experienced by the section of medium at the bar intersection. Passive addressing is less complicated and more energy efficient because the pixels of the display medium are addressed only for as long as is required to change their optical states. However, the requirements for a medium that can be addressed with a passive matrix display are significantly greater than for the active matrix case. The medium must respond fully to the full addressing voltage but it must not respond to ½ the full addressing voltage. This is called a threshold response behav
Mackey James P.
McBain Nola Mae
Xerox Corporation
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