Miscellaneous active electrical nonlinear devices – circuits – and – Specific identifiable device – circuit – or system – Nonlinear amplifying circuit
Reexamination Certificate
2000-09-12
2002-09-10
Callahan, Timothy P. (Department: 2816)
Miscellaneous active electrical nonlinear devices, circuits, and
Specific identifiable device, circuit, or system
Nonlinear amplifying circuit
C330S252000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06448847
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of power amplifiers. More particularly, this invention relates to an apparatus method for providing differential-to-single ended output conversion and impedance transformation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In some applications utilizing a power amplifier, it is desirable to limit the peak voltage that the switching devices of the power amplifier are subjected to. For example, in CMOS devices, the transistor breakdown voltage may be only slightly greater than the supply voltage. Therefore, CMOS devices are not well suited to traditional power amplifier designs, where switching devices are subjected to voltages at least twice the supply voltage.
FIG. 1
is a schematic diagram of a conventional Class E amplifier. As shown, a transistor M
1
is connected between ground and an inductor L
1
which is connected to a voltage source V
dd
. The gate of the transistor M
1
is connected to an input signal Vi. The connection of the transistor M
1
and the inductor L
1
forms a node labeled Vd. The switching device M
1
, as well as other switching devices described may be comprised of any suitable switching devices, for example, MOSFETs or other transistor types. A capacitor C
1
is connected between Vd and ground. The amplifier includes a transformation network consisting of inductor L
2
and capacitor C
2
. The capacitor C
2
is connected to a load R
L
at output node V
o
.
FIG. 2
is a timing diagram illustrating the input signal Vi and the resulting voltage at Vd. As shown, the input signal Vi is a square wave signal switching between ground and V
dd
. When the input signal Vi is high (V
dd
), the transistor M
1
is turned on, holding Vd to ground. When the input signal Vi transitions to low, transistor M
1
turns off and the voltage at Vd rises above V
dd
. During this time, the transistor M
1
must sustain this high drain-to-source voltage. After peaking, the voltage at Vd decreases until it reaches ground. In a typical prior art Class E design, this peak voltage is approximately 3.6 V
dd
. Although the peak voltage can be reduced slightly, it can not be decreased below about 2.5 V
dd
since the average voltage at Vd must equal V
dd
. Designs such as that shown in
FIG. 1
are not well suited to certain device technologies, such as CMOS, where transistor breakdown voltages are only slightly higher than the supply voltage.
It can therefore be seen that there is a need for amplifier designs where the peak voltages applied to the transistors of the amplifier are reduced so that they are below the transistor breakdown voltages of the devices being used to implement the design.
Another problem relating to amplifiers relates to the use of differential circuits. It is difficult to perform differential-to-single-ended conversion when a single ended load is required with high efficiency. Therefore, there is a need for improved differential-to-single-ended conversion designs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A circuit for providing differential-to-single ended output conversion and impedance transformation from first and second differential signals includes a first impedance coupled between the first differential signal and an output node, and a second impedance between the second differential signal and the output node.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of converting differential signals to a single ended output including the steps of coupling a first impedance between a first differential signal and an output node, and coupling a second impedance between a second differential signal and the output node.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of converting differential signals to a single ended output including the steps of shifting the current from a first differential signal by +90 degrees, shifting the current from a second differential signal by −90 degrees, and summing the currents from the first and second differential signals to provide the singled ended output.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows below.
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Sokal, N. O. and Sokal, A. D., “Class E—A new class of high-efficiency tuned single ended switching power amplifiers,” IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, vol. SC-10, No. 3, Jun. 1975, pp. 168-176.
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Dupuis Timothy J.
Paul Susanne A.
Callahan Timothy P.
Johnson & Associates
Nguyen Linh
Silicon Laboratories Inc.
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