Optical waveguides – With optical coupler – Particular coupling function
Reexamination Certificate
2002-08-22
2004-10-05
Glick, Edward J. (Department: 2882)
Optical waveguides
With optical coupler
Particular coupling function
C385S033000, C385S089000, C398S130000, C398S142000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06801687
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to free-space optical communications systems (FSOCS), and, more specifically, to an apparatus and method for generating a mode-scrambled optical signal using a VCSEL array suitable for use in FSOCSs.
2. Background Information
With the increasing popularity of wide area networks (WANs), such as the Internet and/or the World Wide Web, network growth and traffic has exploded in recent years. Network users continue to demand faster networks and more access for both businesses and consumers. As network demands continue to increase, existing network infrastructures and technologies are reaching their limits.
An alternative to present day hardwired or fiber network solutions is the use of wireless optical communications. Wireless optical communications utilize point-to-point communications through free-space and therefore do not require the routing of cables or fibers between locations. Wireless optical communications are also known as free-space optical (FSO) or atmospheric optical communications. In a typical free-space optical communication system, a modulated beam of light is directed through free-space from a transmitter at a first location to a receiver at a second location. Data or information is encoded into the beam of light by means of the modulation. Once collected by the receiver, the modulated beam of light is demodulated and corresponding data and information may then be extracted. This scheme enables data and information to be transmitted through free-space from the first location to the second location.
Transmission of optical signals through free space poses many challenges. Notably, atmospheric conditions can greatly degrade signal strength and link distances. When launching a single-mode beam from a free-space optical terminal, atmospheric scintillation and other wavefront distortion cause the beam to break up into chaotic bright and dark spots. The received signal may have a large fluctuation if the collector size is comparable to the size of the bright and dark spots.
One technique that is used to address these problems is to “scramble” the optical beam, thereby creating a multitude of randomized signals rather than a single mode signal. Mode scrambling may be performed using various techniques and apparatus that are well-known in the art. For example, mechanical mode scramblers have long been used to generate a multimode optical signal. A single mode optical signal is launched from a single mode optical fiber into a multimode optical fiber. The multimode optical fiber is placed in the mode scrambler, which has corrugated surfaces to provide micro-bends in the optical fiber and redistribute energy into all the modes in the multimode optical fiber, resulting in the desired overfilled launch condition. The mechanical mode scrambler physically bends the optical fiber such that the angle of reflection between the optical signal and the core/cladding interface will be altered as the single mode optical signal passes through the portion of the optical fiber being bent. In this way, the single mode launch optical signal will be coupled into many more modes to approximate an overfilled power distribution in the multimode optical fiber. One such mechanical mode scrambler is the FM-1 Mode Scrambler available from Newport Corporation in Irvine, Calif.
Despite the advantages, this type of mode scrambler imposes intolerable strain on the optical fiber when physically bending the optical fiber to alter the angle of reflection. The micro-bending stretches one side of the optical fiber and compresses the other. Because most optical fibers are comprised of glass or plastic, any strain on the optical fibers increases the risk that they will break. Tight bends in optical fiber can cause cracks, which can affect the optical signal traveling through the optical fiber, and will eventually lead to breakage of the optical fiber. A broken or cracked optical fiber will not properly transmit an optical signal.
In addition to problems with optical fiber damage, the characteristics of the scrambled signals produced by conventional mode scrambling techniques are less than optimal. Significantly, the power intensity distribution (i.e., relative intensity vs. angle) of the signal may be asymmetrically skewed and/or peaked, and the numerical aperture is only partially filled. These potentially may lead to substantial signal losses, which may result in erroneous and/or lost data. In addition, mechanical mode scrambling tends to be excessively lossy, reducing the efficiency of the fiber connection.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an apparatus and method for generating a mode-scrambled optical signal using a VCSEL array. An array of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are employed to generate respective of optical signals comprising modulated laser beams that are optically coupled into an input end of a multimode fiber segment. In one embodiment, the optical signals are offset-launched into the multimode fiber. As the respective optical signals pass through the segment of multimode fiber, they are combined to produce a mode-scrambled optical signal having a substantially-filled numerical aperture that is emitted from the output end of the fiber. A portion of the multimode fiber may be configured as a series of alternating loops to improve the quality of the signal.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the apparatus enables multiple optical beams having similar wavelengths to be combined to increase optical signal strength. In accordance with another aspect, one portion of the VCSELs may be initially activated, while another portion is used as spares that may be selectively activated to replace any activated VCSELs that fail.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, the mode-scrambled optical signal produced by the apparatus has a two-dimensional intensity-distribution profile that resembles a “top hat.” Such an intensity distribution enables a more powerful signal to be generated when compared with prior-art optical signals that do not have top hat intensity-distribution profiles.
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Artman Thomas R
Blakely , Sokoloff, Taylor & Zafman LLP
Glick Edward J.
Terabeam Corporation
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