Optics: measuring and testing – With plural diverse test or art
Patent
1991-06-10
1994-09-27
McGraw, Vincent P.
Optics: measuring and testing
With plural diverse test or art
356335, 356336, 356337, 356338, 356246, 250283, 422 81, 422103, 436805, 436806, G01N 2101, G01N 2105
Patent
active
053511182
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for analyzing particles suspended in a fluid medium or liquid, which particles emit radiation characteristic of the particles when exposed to radiation.
The invention relates particularly to analyzing biological cells by means of flow cytometry, more particularly to flow cytometrically analyzing biological cells which are labelled with a fluorescent antibody or which are anti-fluorescent.
In order to provide a better understanding of the fields of application of the invention a brief description is firstly to be given of the biological background of quantitatively measuring biologically relevant parameters of cell populations.
Several cells, both circulating and "fixed" cells, have on their superficial structure so-called antigenic determinants which are specific to the cells in question. Moreover, a number of antigenic determinants are common to different cells, which antigenic determinants may be used as the basis for a general classification.
According to a method well-known within the art and comprising immunizing animals used for experimentation and isolating antibodies present in serum followed by suitably absorbing procedures, it is possible to obtain antibodies which by high specificity are bound to the above-mentioned specific and common determinants. Since the mid-seventies it has been possible to obtain monoclonal antibodies which are further well-defined as they are considered to constitute a homogeneously molecular population. The development of this kind of monoclonal antibodies is very rapid and today there is access to monoclonal antibodies that react with e.g. most human blood cells and their respective subgroups. Furthermore, antibodies capable of reacting specifically with different cancer cells have been cloned.
Antibodies of both of the above-mentioned types may be used for fluorescent-microscopically analyzing cells after conjugation with a Suitable fluorochrome, particularly of the type having green and red fluorescence, e.g. FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) and TRITC (trimethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate), respectively. It is known to employ suitable filter combinations in fluorescence microscopes for visualizing the bond of two different antibodies ("green" and "red", respectively) to biological cells simultaneously. Other fluorescent tests may be applied for visualizing and quantifiying cellular components. Thus, ribonucleic acids are detectable by the binding to acridine orange, ethidine bromide or other DNA/RNA-binding colouring agents. Intracellular enzymes may be demonstrated after their reaction with substrate analogues, the cleavage of which results in the formation of a fluorescent product (fluorescein diacetate, methyl umbelly furones). Furthermore, several cells posses specific receptors capable of binding ligands. These ligands are often involved in intercellular recognition and control operations. Fluorescence-labelled ligands (or ligand analogues) may be used for detecting receptors of this type. Finally, several bacteria and algae posses auto-fluorescent properties.
The use of fluorescence spectrophotometry is particularly relevant in connection with the examination of subgroups of the type of cells which can only be distinguished from one another by means of superficial markers which are visualized by means of antibodies. In this field, much attention has been payed to the examination of lymphocytes of peripheral blood. These lymphocyes are dividable into T and B lymphocytes which cannot be separated from one another on the basis of morphological criterions, but on the basis of functional and antigenic differences. Subsequent to antigenic stimulation, the B cells can produce antibodies. These antibodies are exposed on the surface of the B cells and can be utilized for classification by the use of anti-antibodies. The T cells fulfil a number of different functions, both in the control of the immune apparatus and in the direct execution of the cellular immunity. Similarly, the T cells can be divided into a numbe
REFERENCES:
patent: 2656508 (1953-10-01), Coulter
patent: 3705876 (1972-12-01), Amann et al.
patent: 3714565 (1973-01-01), Coulter et al.
patent: 3946239 (1976-03-01), Salzman et al.
patent: 3975104 (1976-08-01), Munk
patent: 3989381 (1976-11-01), Fulwyler
patent: 4006990 (1977-02-01), Munk
patent: 4510438 (1985-04-01), Aver
patent: 4521729 (1985-06-01), Kiesewetter et al.
patent: 4565448 (1986-01-01), Abbott et al.
patent: 4571078 (1986-02-01), Capps, II
patent: 4643570 (1987-02-01), Machler et al.
patent: 4823168 (1989-04-01), Kamahori et al.
patent: 4927265 (1990-05-01), Brownlee
patent: 5030002 (1991-07-01), North, Jr.
patent: 5106187 (1992-04-01), Bezanson
Kachel et al., Fast Imaging in Flow: A Means of Combining Flow-Cytometry and Image Analysis, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 27(a):335-341 (1979).
Milstein, Monoclonal Antibodies, Scientific American, 243:56-64 (1980).
Biometic ApS c/o Dansk Udviklingsfinansiering A/S
Keesee La Charles P.
McGraw Vincent P.
LandOfFree
Apparatus and method for analyzing particles suspended in a liqu does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Apparatus and method for analyzing particles suspended in a liqu, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Apparatus and method for analyzing particles suspended in a liqu will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-1268986