Pulse or digital communications – Receivers – Particular pulse demodulator or detector
Reexamination Certificate
2000-10-05
2004-10-19
Tse, Young T. (Department: 2634)
Pulse or digital communications
Receivers
Particular pulse demodulator or detector
Reexamination Certificate
active
06807242
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for calculation of a correlation value concerning a spreading technique to be used such as for radio communications. In particular, it relates to a correlation value calculation apparatus that can take a correlation even when a frequency error range is relatively large.
2. Description of the Related Art
For example, in the form of a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system, a radio communication is performed by a method in which a coded audio data with a bandwidth of 10 kHz for example is spectrum spread to a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz, to have the same band shared by a plurality of communication channels. At a reception end, a correlation is taken with a received spread code, and a reverse spreading process is performed for demodulation and extraction to reproduce a transmitted original data. There is a form of W-CDMA (Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access) system.
As the frequency of a radio signal to be received, there is used a band of several GHz. Therefore, unless the frequency conversion is made with a frequency accuracy of 1 ppm for example, it becomes difficult, as a problem, to take a correlation with a spread code within a received signal to reproduce a data, as a frequency error develops.
Next, there will be shown below how to determine a correlation value Corr(T). A measurement signal S(t) can be obtained by superposing a spread code L(t) on a transmitted data D(t).
The correlation value Corr(T) can be determined by the following Expression 1.
Corr
(
T
)
=
&LeftBracketingBar;
∑
t
S
(
t
)
×
R
*
(
t
)
&RightBracketingBar;
2
Expression
1
In this Expression 1, S(t) is a measurement signal (spread wave), R(t) is a reference signal, R*(t) is a complex conjugate of R(t), t is a correlation range, and T is a retrieval range.
In the Expression 1, the retrieval range (T) is calculated, and a highest correlation value is given at a position where a correlation is obtained. In this system, however, for a measurement signal with a frequency error, there occurs a case in which the correlation cannot be taken. As an example, there is shown in
FIG. 13
a characteristic of “frequency error” vs. “correlation value” at a correlation peak point under the following conditions. The conditions of
FIG. 13
are as in a characteristic graph for a data rate of 16 ksps (BPSK), a spread rate by using an orthogonal gold code of 4.096 Mcps (QPSK), a spread ratio of 256, and a correlation range of 6 symbol data. However, the absolute value of the correlation value is changed by the measurement signal.
Next, there is shown in
FIG. 14
a “frequency error” vs. “noise/correlation value ratio”, where the “noise/correlation value ratio” is a ratio of a noise by correlation error to a correlation value at a correlation peak value.
As in the graph of
FIG. 14
, it can be seen that, as the noise is increased with an increase in correlation error, a practical frequency error clearly discriminative of a correlation value resides within approximate 2 kHz or near. In other words, for the data rate of 16 ksps and the correlation range of 6 symbol data, it is to be allowed merely up to a frequency error of approximate 2 kHz or near to determine a point matching with a known data by taking a correlation. On the other hand, in the radio communication which uses a high frequency range of a band of several GHz, it is allowed for a correlation to be taken merely within a frequency error of 1 ppm or near, as a difficulty. There is thus needed an improved analog performance.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
In the conventional art, like the ratio communication of a CDMA system, in a radio communication which uses a high frequency range of a band of several GHz, there is a condition with a tendency to generate a frequency error of 1 ppm or near, as described. As the frequency error gets greater, it is disabled to take a correlation accompanying therewith, with a difficulty to properly reproduce data, as a drawback. On the contrary, for reduction of frequency error, it is needed at a transmission end as well as at a reception end to use a highly stable frequency converter for an analog performance to be improved, with a resultant high cost of the apparatus, as a drawback.
It therefore is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for correlation that can take a correlation even when the frequency error range is relatively large.
According to the present invention is an apparatus for calculation of a correlation value corresponding to a frequency error, includes: a 0-th degree correlation unit for taking, to output, a correlation between a reference signal and a measurement signal; an n-th degree correlation unit including a frequency addition calculator for calculating a frequency component addition signal having a frequency component added to the reference signal, and a correlation calculator for taking, to output, a correlation between the frequency component addition signal and the measurement signal; and an addition unit for adding an output of the 0-th degree correlation unit and an output of the n-th degree correlation unit.
In an apparatus for calculation of a correlation value corresponding to a frequency error constituted as above, the output of the 0-th degree correlation unit and the output of the n-th degree correlation unit added at the addition unit do not suddenly get reduced even in the case the frequency error is large, and do not have an increased noise/correlation value ratio. Accordingly, a correlation can be taken even with an increased frequency error.
The present invention as an apparatus for calculation of a correlation value corresponding to a frequency error according to claim
1
, wherein the frequency addition calculator multiplies the reference signal by e
jwt
, where &ohgr;=2&pgr;f(f is a frequency).
The present invention is an apparatus for calculation of a correlation value corresponding to a frequency error according to claim
1
, wherein the frequency addition calculator takes an EXOR between a digital clock of a constant frequency and the reference signal.
The term EXOR is an abbreviation of “exclusive or” and means ‘exclusive logical sum’.
The present invention is an apparatus for calculation of a correlation value corresponding to a frequency error according to claim
1
, wherein the reference signal is a data symbol having a spread code superposed thereon, and the frequency addition calculator takes an EXOR between the data symbol and a digital clock of a constant frequency, to superpose the spread code.
The present invention described in claim
5
, is a method for calculation of a correlation value corresponding to a frequency error, including: a 0-th degree correlation step for taking, to output, a correlation between a reference signal and a measurement signal; an n-th degree correlation step including a frequency addition calculator for calculating a frequency component addition signal having a frequency component added to the reference signal, and a correlation calculator for taking, to output, a correlation between the frequency component addition signal and the measurement signal; and an addition step for adding an output of the 0-th degree correlation step and an output of the n-th degree correlation step.
The present invention is a computer-readable medium embodying a program of instructions for execution by the computer to perform a method for calculation of a correlation value corresponding to a frequency error, including: a 0-th degree correlation step for taking, to output, a correlation between a reference signal and a measurement signal; an n-th degree correlation step including a frequency addition calculator for calculating a frequency component addition signal having a frequency component added to the reference signal, and a correlation calculator for taking, to output, a correlation between the frequency component addition signal and the measurement signal; and an addition step for adding an output of the 0-
Advantest Corporation
Ahn Sam K.
Lowe Hauptman & Gilman & Berner LLP
Tse Young T.
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