Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Carbohydrate doai
Reexamination Certificate
1998-08-07
2001-04-24
Brusca, John S. (Department: 1635)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Carbohydrate doai
C435S091100, C435S183000, C435S194000, C435S320100, C435S325000, C435S371000, C536S023100, C536S024310, C536S024500
Reexamination Certificate
active
06221850
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides compositions and methods for detecting and modulating levels of Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK proteins), enzymes which are encoded by JNK genes. In particular, the invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding JNK proteins. It has been found that antisense oligonucleotides can modulate the expression of these and other JNK proteins, kinases which were initially discovered due to their ability to catalyze the phosphorylation of the c-Jun subunit of transcription factor AP-1 and thereby increase AP-1 activity. Other transcription factors, such as ATF-2, are similarly activated by JNK proteins, and a variety of other cellular effectors may serve as substrates for JNK proteins (Gupta et al.,
Science
, 1995, 267, 389). In any event, transcription factor AP-1 has been implicated in abnormal cell proliferation, oncogenic transformation, and tumor formation, development and maintenance (Vogt, Chapter 15
In: The FOS and JUN Families of Transcription Factors
, Angel and Herrlich, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, 1994). Accordingly, it is believed that (1) JNK proteins are aberrantly expressed in some neoplasms and tumors with resultant increased AP-1 activity, and (2) even in abnormally proliferating cells in which a JNK gene is not aberrantly expressed, inhibition of JNK expression will result in decreased AP-1 activity and thus, inhibition of abnormal cell proliferation and tumor formation, development and maintenance. The invention is thus directed to diagnostic methods for detecting, and therapeutic methods for inhibiting, the hyperproliferation of cells and the formation, development and maintenance of tumors. Furthermore, this invention is directed to treatment of conditions associated with abnormal expression of JNK genes. This invention also relates to therapies, diagnostics, and research reagents for disease states or disorders which respond to modulation of the expression of JNK proteins. Inhibition of the hyperproliferation of cells, and corresponding prophylactic, palliative and therapeutic effects result from treatment with the oligonucleotides of the invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Transcription factors play a central role in the expression of specific genes upon stimulation by extracellular signals, thereby regulating a complex array of biological processes. Members of the family of transcription factors termed AP-1 (activating protein-1) alter gene expression in response to growth factors, cytokines, tumor promoters, carcinogens and increased expression of certain oncogenes (Rahmsdorf, Chapter 13, and Rapp et al., Chapter 16
In: The FOS and JUN Families of Transcription Factors
, Angel and Herrlich, Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1994). Growth factors and cytokines exert their function by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Receptor occupancy triggers a signal transduction cascade to the nucleus. In this cascade, transcription factors such as AP-1 execute long term responses to the extracellular factors by modulating gene expression. Such changes in cellular gene expression lead to DNA synthesis, and eventually the formation of differentiated derivatives (Angel and Karin,
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
, 1991, 1072, 129).
In general terms, AP-1 denotes one member of a family of related heterodimeric transcription factor complexes found in eukaryotic cells or viruses (
The FOS and JUN Families of Transcription Factors
, Angel and Herrlich, Fds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1994; Bohmann et al.,
Science
, 1987, 238, 1386; Angel et al.,
Nature
, 1988, 332, 166). Two relatively well-characterized AP-1 subunits are c-Fos and c-Jun; these two proteins are products of the c-fos and c-jun proto-oncogenes, respectively. Repression of the activity of either c-fos or c-jun, or of both proto-oncogenes, and the resultant inhibition of the formation of c-Fos and c-Jun proteins, is desirable for the inhibition of cell proliferation, tumor formation and tumor growth.
The phosphorylation of proteins plays a key role in the transduction of extracellular signals into the cell. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), enzymes which effect such phosphorylations are targets for the action of growth factors, hormones, and other agents involved in cellular metabolism, proliferation and differentiation (Cobb et al.,
J. Biol. Chem
., 1995, 270, 14843). MAPKs (also referred to as extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases, or ERKs) are themselves activated by phosphorylation catalyzed by, e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors, protein kinase C (PKC), and the apparently MAPK-dedicated kinases MEK1 and MEK2. In general, MAP kinases are involved in a variety of signal transduction pathways (sometimes overlapping and sometimes parallel) that function to convey extracellular stimuli to protooncogene products to modulate cellular proliferation and/or differentiation (Seger et al.,
FASEB J
., 1995, 9, 726; Cano et al.,
Trends Biochem. Sci
., 1995, 20, 117). In a typical MAP kinase pathway, it is thought that a first MAP kinase, called a MEK, phosphorylates and thereby activates a second MAP kinase, called a MEK, which, in turn, phosphorylates and activates a MAPK/ERK or JNK/SAPK enzyme (“SAPK” is an abbreviation for stress-activated protein kinase). Finally, the activated MAPK/ERK or JNK/SAPK enzyme itself phosphorylates and activates a transcription factor (such as, e.g., AP-1) or other substrates (Cano et al.,
Trends Biochem. Sci
., 1995, 20, 117). This canonical cascade can be simply represented as follows:
MEKK
----->
MEK
---->
MAPK/ERK
----->
transcription
or JNK/SAPK
factor or other
substrate(s)
One of the signal transduction pathways involves the MAP kinases Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) which are responsible for the phosphorylation of specific sites (Serine 63 and Serine 73) on the amino terminal portion of c-Jun. Phosphorylation of these sites potentiates the ability of AP-1 to activate transcription (Binetruy et al.,
Nature
, 1991, 351, 122; Smeal et al.,
Nature
, 1991, 354, 494). Besides JNK1 and JNK2, other JNK family members have been described, including JNK3 (Gupta et al.,
EMBO J
., 1996, 75, 2760), initially named p49
3F12
kinase (Mohit et al.,
Neuron
, 1994, 14, 67). The term “JNK protein” as used herein shall mean a member of the JNK family of kinases, including but not limited to JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3, their isoforms (Gupta et al.,
EMBO J
., 1996, 15, 2760) and other members of the JNK family of proteins whether they function as Jun N-terminal kinases per se (that is, phosphorylate Jun at a specific amino terminally located position) or not.
At least one human leukemia oncogene has been shown to enhance Jun N-terminal kinase function (Raitano et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
. (
USA
), 1995, 92, 11746). Modulation of the expression of one or more JNK proteins is desirable in order to interfere with hyperproliferation of cells and with the transcription of genes stimulated by AP-1 and other JNK protein phosphorylation substrates. Modulation of the expression of one or more other JNK proteins is also desirable in order to interfere with hyperproliferation of cells resulting from abnormalities in specific signal transduction pathways. To date, there are no known therapeutic agents which effectively inhibit gene expression of one or more JNK proteins. Consequently, there remains a long-felt need for improved compositions and methods for modulating the expression of specific JNK proteins.
Moreover, cellular hyperproliferation in an animal can have several outcomes. Internal processes may eliminate hyperproliferative cells before a tumor can form. Tumors are abnormal growths resulting from the hyperproliferation of cells. Cells that proliferate to excess but stay put form benign tumors, which can typically be removed by local surgery. In contrast, malignant tumors or cancers comprise cells that are capable of undergoing metastasis, i.e., a process by which hyperproliferative cells spread
Dean Nicholas
Gaarde William A.
McKay Robert
Monia Brett P.
Nero Pamela Scott
Brusca John S.
Isis Pharmaceuticals , Inc.
Law Offices of Jane Massey Licata
Shibuya Mark L.
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