Antibodies directed toward extracellular signal-related kinases

Details Antibodies directed toward extracellular signal-related kinases Antibodies directed toward extracellular signal-related kinases

1997-09-18

2001-08-21

Gambel, Phillip (Department: 1644)

Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins;

Proteins, i.e., more than 100 amino acid residues

Blood proteins or globulins, e.g., proteoglycans, platelet...

C530S387100, C530S387900, C530S388100, C530S389100, C435S183000, C435S193000, C435S194000, C435S338000

Reexamination Certificate

active

06277963

ABSTRACT:

1. INTRODUCTION
The present invention relates to a newly identified family of MAP2 protein kinases. It is based, in part, on the cloning and characterization of three MAP2 protein kinases, designated ERK1, ERK2, and ERK3, which are expressed in the central nervous system and elsewhere. The present invention provides for recombinant MAP2 kinase nucleic acids and proteins, cell lines and microorganisms comprising recombinant MAP2 kinase molecules, and bioassay methods for detecting the presence of biologically active compounds which utilize recombinant MAP2 kinase molecules.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
2.1. Protein Kinase Cascades and the Regulation of Cell Function
A cascade of phosphorylation reactions, initiated by a receptor tyrosine kinase, has been proposed as a potential transducing mechanism for growth factor receptors, including the insulin receptor (Cobb and Rosen, 1984, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 738:1-8; Denton et al., 1984, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 12:768-771). In his review of the role of protein phosphorylation in the normal control of enzyme activity, Cohen (1985, Eur. J. Biochem. 151:439-448) states that amplification and diversity in hormone action are achieved by two principal mechanisms, the reversible phosphorylation of proteins and the formation of “second messengers”; many key regulatory proteins are interconverted between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms by cellular protein kinases and certain protein phosphatases.
Some hormones appear to transmit their information to the cell interior by activating transmembrane signalling systems that control production of a relatively small number of chemical mediators, the “second messengers.” These second messengers, in turn, are found to regulate protein kinase and phosphatase activities, thereby altering the phosphorylation states of many intracellular proteins, and consequently controlling the activity of enzymes which are regulated by their degree of phosphorylation (see FIG.
1
). The receptors for other hormones are themselves protein kinases or interact directly with protein kinases to initiate protein kinase signalling cascades. These series of events are believed to explain the diversity associated with the actions of various hormones (Cohen, 1985, Eur. J. Biochem. 151:439-448; Edelman et al., 1987, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56:567-613).
Insulin, like most cellular regulators, exerts its effects on many cellular processes through alterations in the phosphorylation state of serine and threonine residues within regulated proteins. Insulin exerts these effects via its receptor, which has intrinsic tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity (Rosen et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:3237-3240; Ebina et al., 1985, Cell 40:747-758). Of note, the proteins encoded by several oncogenes are also protein-tyrosine kinases. For example, P68
gag-ros
, a transmembrane transforming protein, bears many similarities to the insulin receptor, sharing 50% amino acid identity (for discussion, see Boulton et al., 1990, J. Biol. Chem. 265:2713-2719).
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophic agent necessary for the development and function of certain central and peripheral nervous system neurons, is also believed to influence cellular functions, at least in part, by altering phosphorylation of intracellular proteins. It has been observed that NGF promotes changes in the phosphorylation of certain cellular proteins (discussed in Volonte et al., 1989, J. Cell. Biol. 109:2395-2403; Aletta et al., 1988, J. Cell. Biol. 106:1573-1581; Halegoua and Patrick, 1980, Cell 22:571-581; Hama et al., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:2353-2357; Romano et al., 1987, J. Neurosci, 7:1294-1299). Furthermore, NGF appears to regulate several different protein kinase activities (Blenis and Erikson, 1986, EMBO J. 5:3441-3447; Cremins et al., 1986, J. Cell Biol. 103:887-893; Landreth and Rieser, 1985, J. Cell. Biol. 100:677-683; Levi et al, 1988, Mol. Neurobiol. 2:201-226; Mutoh et al., 1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263:15853-15856; Rowland et al., 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262:7504-7513). Mutoh et al. (1988, J. Biol. Chem. 263:15853-15856) reports that NGF appears to increase the activities of kinases capable of phosphorylating ribosomal protein S6 (S6 kinases) in the PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell line, a model system regularly used to study NGF function. Volonte et al. (1989, J. Cell. Biol. 109:2395-2403) states that the differential inhibition of the NGF response by purine analogues in PC12 cells appeared to correlate with the inhibition of PKN, an NGF-regulated serine protein kinase. Additionally, activators of the cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) have been reported to mimic some but not all of the cellular responses to NGF (Levi et al., 1988, Mol. Neurobiol. 2:201-226). Miyasaka et al. (1990, J. Biol. Chem. 265:4730-4735) reports that NGF stimulates a protein kinase in PC12 cells that phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein-2. Interestingly, despite the many reports linking NGF with changes in phosphorylation of cellular proteins, analysis of a cDNA sequence encoding a subunit of the NGF receptor which is sufficient for low-affinity binding of ligand has indicated no evidence for a protein-tyrosine kinase domain in the cytoplasmic region of this low affinity receptor (Johnson et al., 1986, Cell 47:545-554).
2.2. MAP2 Protein Kinase
Ribosomal protein S6 is a component of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit that becomes phosphorylated on multiple serine residues in response to a variety of mitogenic stimuli, including insulin, growth factors and various transforming proteins (for discussion, see Sturgill et al., 1988, Nature 334:715-718). Recently, an activated S6 kinase has been purified and characterized immunologically and molecularly (Ericson and Maller, 1986, J. Biol. Chem. 261:350-355; Ericson et al., 1987, Mol. Cell Biol. 7:3147-3155; Jones et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:377-3381; Gregory et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:18397-18401). Reactivation and phosphorylation of the S6 kinase occurs in vitro via an insulin-stimulated microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) protein kinase providing further evidence for a protein kinase cascade (Sturgill, 1988, supra; Gregory et al., 1989, supra). MAP2 kinase has been observed to phosphorylate microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) on both serine and threonine residues (Ray and Sturgill, 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:1502-1506; Boulton et al., 1991, Biochem. 30:278-286). These observations suggest that key steps in insulin action involve the sequential activation by phosphorylation of at least two serine/threonine protein kinases (Sturgill et al., 1988, Nature 334:715-718; Gregory et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:18397-18401; Ahn et al., 1990, J. Biol. Chem. 265:11495-11501), namely, a MAP2 kinase and an S6 kinase. The MAP2 kinase appears to be activated transiently by insulin prior to S6 kinase activation.
The MAP2 kinase phosphorylates S6 kinase in vitro causing an increase in its activity (Gregory et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:18397-18401; Sturgill et al., 1988, Nature, 334:715-718); thus, the MAP2 kinase is a likely intermediate in this protein kinase cascade. The finding that phosphorylation on threonine as well as tyrosine residues is required for MAP2 kinase activity (Anderson et al., 1990, Nature, 343:651-653) suggests that it, like many other proteins, is regulated by multiple phosphorylations. The phosphorylations may be transmitted through one or several signal transduction pathways.
In addition to stimulation by insulin, MAP2 kinase activity can be rapidly increased by a variety of extracellular signals which promote cellular proliferation and/or differentiation. In this regard, MAP2 kinase may be equivalent to pp42 (Cooper and Hunter, 1981, Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:165-178), a protein whose phosphotyrosine content increases following exposure to growth factors and transformation by viruses (Rossamondo et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:6940-6943) and activation of the v-ros oncogene (Boulton et al., 1990, J. Biol. C

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