Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Inorganic active ingredient containing – Elemental chlorine or elemental chlorine releasing inorganic...
Reissue Patent
1997-01-22
2001-07-03
Criares, Theodore J. (Department: 1614)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Inorganic active ingredient containing
Elemental chlorine or elemental chlorine releasing inorganic...
C424S078060
Reissue Patent
active
RE037263
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates generally to topical formulations that are useful for treating various dermatologic disorders, including genital herpes lesions, facial and body acne, topical fungal infections, psoriasis, eczema, dandruff, skin ulcers (e.g., decabutus), and other dermatologic diseases associated with microbial proliferation. This invention also relates to the anti-inflammatory properties and uses of pharmaceutical compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are a Large number of dermatological diseases that are thought to be caused by microbial overgrowth somehow result in a dermatologic infection and/or inflammatory reaction. These diseases include acne vulgaris and other pilosebaceous inflammatory disorders, which are thought to be caused in part by an overgrowth of the anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), which is normally present in the sebaceous follicles but proliferates in large numbers during acute acne. P. acnes generates a lipase, a protease, and other potentially damaging substances. Follicular contents are known to be chemo-attractive for leukocytes, and complement activation is probably also important in the inflammatory process. Although the precise mechanisms are not entirely clear, inflammation and edema in the follicular wall result in follicular rupture, leaking follicular contents into the surrounding dermis and creating further inflammation. The visible consequence of this series of dermal events is a deep inflammatory nodule, called a “cyst.” An accumulation of neutrophils in the mouth of a follicle produces a pustule. Deep inflammatory or cystic lesions may arise from preexisting closed comedones in an area of normal-appearing skin.
Genital herpes is also called “Herpes Progenitalis” and is caused by the herpes simplex virus, usually type 2. Primary genital herpes follows an incubation period of 3 to 7 days. The disease can be found by localized burning or paresthesia and followed by eruption of grouped vesicles, often at multiple sites on the genitalia. The lesions generally heal in 2 to 4 weeks, but the virus remains in the nerve heads and can remain dormant or trigger secondary lesions by migrating down the nerve fiber to the nerve ending to reproduce into more lesions. Recurrent genital herpes is common after the primary infection. Secondary lesions heal within two weeks, and secondary attacks become less frequent with time. Treatments include drying agents to symptomatically lessen the discomfort of the lesion. Acyclovir, applied topically, tends to decrease pain of the primary lesions, but it has not proven very effective for decreasing vital shedding or lesion duration. Topical acyclovir has not been shown to be particularly effective for reducing or treating recurrent disease.
Acyclovir is a purine nucleoside analog that is selectively cidal to the herpes simplex virus because only the thymidine kinase enzyme of herpes simplex virus can convert acyclovir to its monophosphate form while host cell thymidine kinase cannot. The monophosphate form is converted to an acyclovir triphosphate, which can interfere with vital DNA replication. Topical acyclovir is applied as a 5% ointment every three hours, or up to eight times daily, for at least seven days. The up to eight-times-a-day dosing is a difficult procedure for patients and creates patient compliance problems for dosing in the genital areas throughout the day and throughout the night. A further problem of acyclovir has been the development resistant strains of herpes simplex, caused by a mutation of the thymidine kinase gene. Accordingly, no backup treatments are available for acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex infections. This problem exists with most antibiotic microbial treatments, but is generally not a problem non-antibiotic treatments.
Topical fungal or yeast diseases represent a large class of diseases. These can include tinea versi color, which is a superficial fungal infection caused by the lipophilic yeast Pityrosporum orbiculare. The infected areas do not pigment normally and produce a whitish, spotted appearance in dark-skinned or tanned persons. Treatments include the use of dandruff shampoos on the affected areas and typical antifungal agents, including the imidazole derivatives miconazole and clotrimazole. Fungal lesions on the skin surface are named “tinea” and the Latin name of the particular type of location. For example, “tinea capitis” is for scalp lesions, while “tinea cruris” is for groin lesions. Tinea cruris is often manifest as symmetrical scaly patches on the inner surfaces of the thighs. The infection spreads with a central clearing area and a sharply demarcated border. Itching is common and severe. The major causitive organisms are T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccsum.
Tinea pedis is commonly called “athlete's foot.” It is often caused by Trichophyton rubrum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes. It often begins as a scaly lesion between the toes and spreads to produce an acute inflammatory vesicular disease, accompanied by itching, burning and pain. Tineas corpotis is also called “ringworm” and is a dermatophyte infection involving nonspecific areas of skin. The infection is an erythematous, scaly patch on the skin with sharp, acute borders and central clearing. Current treatments for topical fungal diseases include the imidazole derivatives, miconazole and clotrimazole. Griseofulvin is a systemic agent, and ketoconazole is also used systemically but is expensive and is associated with severe side effects. Side effects of griseofulvin include headaches and abdominal discomfort.
Eczema is a superficial inflammation of the skin characterized by an initial erythematous, papulovesicular process often accompanied by oozing and crusting and followed by a chronic phase of scaling, thickening and post-inflammatory pigment changes. Causes of eczema are largely uncertain but can include fungal infection. Treatments are largely symptomatic and can include topical corticosteroids for the inflammatory reaction.
Psoriasis is a papulosquamous disease characterized by chronic periodic remissions and exacerbations. Lesions usually consist of erythematous plaques with silvery scale, and possibly a pustular form. The causes of psoriasis include several theories. One theory advances that psoriasis is an inflammatory overreaction to a yeast infection, such as that caused by P. ovale. The disease is characterized histologically by accelerated cellular turnover. Psoriasis is a chronic condition and an affected individual can develop lesions at any time. Treatments vary, depending on what one believes is the cause of the disease. However, no single treatment has yet proven to be successful for a wide variety of cases.
Dandruff is a scaling condition of the scalp. It is thought to be caused by an overgrowth of P. ovale, a yeast. Treatment is usually an antimicrobial agent such a pyrithione zinc, a keratolytic agent such as salicylic acid, or by a cytostatic agent such as a coal tar.
Statis dermatitis is a leg ulcer and is a form of eczema and often the result of venous insufficiency. It often develops in a patch just distal to where a vein was removed for a bypass procedure. Treatment is usually with a topical steroid or with an antibacterial and keratolytic agent, such as 20% benzoyl peroxide.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is believed to be spread by sexual contact, and more specifically, through transmission of the HIV virus. The current preventive means for transmission by sexual contact with an individual suspected of harboring the HIV virus is a barrier, such as a condom. At present, there are no known virucidal chemical barrier preparations available that can be used alone or with a condom for prevention of the spread of HIV during sexual contact.
Anti-inflammatory agents are usually classified as steroid or non-steroidal agents. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents most often function by inhibition of prostaglandin or leukotriene biosynthetic pathways. For example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs s
Kross Robert D.
Siff Elliott J.
Alcide Corporation
Criares Theodore J.
Seed and Berry LLP
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