Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Preparations characterized by special physical form – Implant or insert
Patent
1997-08-14
1999-11-23
Azpuru, Carlos
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Preparations characterized by special physical form
Implant or insert
424430, 424435, 424439, 424443, A61F 1302, A61K 4718
Patent
active
059895829
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods to assist detoxification and treatment for addictive diseases, particularly smoking.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Ketamine ((2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone) is a general anesthetic used by anesthesiologists, veterinarians, and researchers. Nasal administration of ketamine, in one instance with midazolam, to achieve sedation for an ophthalmic procedure, and prior to elective surgery in healthy children has been reported (Louon et al., 1993, Br. J. Ophthalmol. 77: 529-530; Weksler et al., 1993, Can. J. Anaesthesia 40: 119-121). Usually, ketamine is administered intramuscularly (i.m.) or intravenously (i.v.) for induction of anesthesia.
Ketamine has also been known to have analgesic properties (Domino et al., 1965, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 6: 279); analgesia can be achieved with subanesthetic doses of ketamine (Bovill, 1971, Br. J. Anaesth. 43: 496; Sadove et al., 1971, Anesth. Analg. 50: 452-457). The drug is administered by various routes, including i.v., i.m., caudal, intrathecal, and subcutaneous (s.c.). Subcutaneous administration of ketamine has been used to treat pain following surgery and associated with terminal cancer (see, e.g., Oshima et al., 1990, Can. J. Anaesth. 37: 385-386). Ketamine hydrochloride administered via a subcutaneous cannula was reported to successfully treat phantom limb pain (Stannard and Porter, 1993, Pain 54: 227-230).
Detoxification and treatment of addictive diseases generally involves a complex and poorly understood interplay between the psychological and physiological components. Seven withdrawal symptoms can accompany detoxification from substances such as alcohol, narcotics, depressants, and stimulants. While marked by significantly less severe physical symptoms, the withdrawal symptoms associated with detoxification from smoking may include nervousness, shakiness, difficulty concentrating, impatience, and ill tempered behavior. Furthermore, detoxification is only an acute component of the treatment of addictive disease. Long term treatment, to be successful, must provide strong physical and psychological reinforcements to avoid the addition.
Thus, an area of grave concern for medicine is detoxification and withdrawal from dependence on addictive substances, including narcotics, cocaine, alcohol, and tobacco (both nicotine and smoking itself). In particular, medicine provides no satisfactory relief for withdrawal from smoking or from nicotine addiction. While the general perception holds that addiction to tobacco is the least profound of these addictions, from a public health perspective, it may be the most important. Furthermore, the current supports for treatment of smoking or nicotine addiction, such as the nicotine transdermal patch or nicotine gum, treat the addiction with an addictive substance delivered by tobacco use. Such treatment is logically impossible: it reinforces the very behavior to be eliminated. No adequate substitute, capable of reinforcing the absence of tobacco ingestion, is presently available.
Thus, there is still a critical need in the art for an agent that can assist in detoxification and withdrawal from addiction to substances, particularly smoking.
The citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is broadly directed to a method for assisting detoxification and treatment of substance addiction in a subject comprising administering a dose of ketamine effective to assist in detoxification and treatment of the addiction. In a preferred aspect, ketamine is administered transmucosally, more preferably, nasally. In a further embodiment, the present invention provides for pulmonary administration of ketamine by inhalation. Where a patient's condition prevents nasal administration of ketamine, ocular administration, using, e.g., ketamine drops, can be substituted. In addition to transmucosal adm
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