Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and – Plant – seedling – plant seed – or plant part – per se – Higher plant – seedling – plant seed – or plant part
Patent
1996-05-06
1999-06-01
Robinson, Douglas W.
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and
Plant, seedling, plant seed, or plant part, per se
Higher plant, seedling, plant seed, or plant part
4353201, 435419, 435468, 536 232, 536 237, 8003172, 8003173, 8003201, A01H 500, A01H 510, C12N 514, C12N 1531
Patent
active
059089750
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention concerns methods for synthesis and accumulation of fructose polymers in transgenic plants by selective expression of bacterial fructosyltransferase genes.
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
The major reserve carbohydrates found in vascular plants are sucrose, starch and fructan, (a non-reducing polymer of fructose linked to a terminal glucose residue). Despite numerous agronomic and technical barriers, crops are grown throughout the world specifically as sources of sucrose or starch for use primarily, in the sweetener industry.
Economically successful cultivation and processing of sugar beet and sugarcane for sucrose must overcome obstacles including, but not limited to, restricted growing regions, labor intensive harvesting practices, critical timing of harvest when sucrose levels reach their peak, undesirable changes in composition and quality brought on by delay in transport or processing, and yield loss due to improper or long term storage (Salunkhe and Desai, Postharvest Technol. of Sugar Crops, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1988); Stout, J. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol., 9:350 (1957); Barnes, The Sugarcane, 2nd. ed., Leonard Hill Books, London (1974)). Processing of sugarcane for example, only 9 days after it has been cut is an unprofitable exercise due to the tremendous loss of sucrose by enzymatic degradation, (Alexander, Sugarcane Physiology, Elsvier, Amsterdam, (1973); Gulibeau et al., Sugar J., 18:30 (1955)). Because of the relatively short period of profitability, the timing of harvest and processing requires rigorous planning. Unexpected delays, such as those for extreme weather conditions, may result in significant loss of product. Optimum harvest periods for sugar beet are also complicated by issues of timing. Raffinose, the primary contaminant of beet juice, inhibits the crystallization of sucrose and presents a considerable challenge to profitable sugar beet processing. Raffinose has been shown to increase dramatically during the same period when sucrose levels peak and continues to increase during storage of beets at temperatures needed to prevent sucrose degradation (Finkler et al., J. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol., 10:459 (1959); Brown, Anal. Chem., 24:384 (1952)). Cultivation of sugar beet for sucrose is complicated then, because the level of sucrose and amount of raffinose determine the quality and therefore the profitability of sugar beet processing.
Starch based sweeteners, produced mostly from corn, were developed in part because of the many limitations associated with sugarcane and sugar beets. Corn sweeteners also helped to relieve dependence on importation of sucrose. Supply had historically, been subject to world shortages and volatile price swings, brought about through a number of political events and natural diastase.
The shift away from sucrose crops in the United States was remarkably rapid, possibly due to the many advantages inherent in producing sweeteners from starch. One, for example is that harvest and storage conditions for corn are much more favorable compared to sucrose crops such as sugar beet and sugarcane. This allows much longer storage time, without quality loss while waiting for available process capacity. Profitable production of sucrose from sugarcane must take place within a few days of harvest to prevent quality losses. In contrast, corn may be held in proper storage for a year before isolation of starch for sweetener production, without significant loss or alteration of product. Another advantage corn has over crops such as sugarcane, is the adaptation to a greater variety of growing conditions. The use of corn vastly increased the amount of acres in the United States available to growing a crop for the sweetener industry. Furthermore, fructose, the end product of starch based sweeteners, is preferred over sucrose by major consumers due to its enhanced relative sweetness. Under acidic conditions, fructose may be up to 1.8 times sweeter than sucrose. This results in a savings to the consumer because less product may be used to pr
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Caimi Perry Gerard
Hershey Howard Paul
Kerr Phillip S.
E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company
Nelson Amy J.
Robinson Douglas W.
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