Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Preparations characterized by special physical form – Biocides; animal or insect repellents or attractants
Reexamination Certificate
1998-09-18
2001-05-01
Levy, Neil S. (Department: 1616)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Preparations characterized by special physical form
Biocides; animal or insect repellents or attractants
C424S405000, C424S084000, C514S554000, C514S557000, C514S663000, C514S724000, C043S107000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06224890
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to synthetic insect attractant compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to chemical attractant compositions and use thereof to detect, survey, monitor, and/or control frugivorous pest insects such as Anastrepha species, more particularly
Anastrepha ludens
(Loew),
Anastrepha suspensa
(Loew).
2. Description of the Art
Control of frugivorous pest flies is of considerable economic importance for fruit and vegetable production and export. Quarantine and regulatory agents expend substantial efforts to detect newly introduced species of economically important fruit flies. The Mexican fruit fly,
Anastrepha ludens
(Loew) is a frugivorous tephritid ranging from southern Texas to at least Costa Rica (Stone, The Fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha, U.S. Department of Agriculture Misc. Publ. 439, 1942). This fly is one of the most polyphagous of the approximately 180 species of the genus Anastrepha, known in the field from at least 36 species of hosts in 14 plant families (Norrbom and Kim, A list of the reported host plants of species of Anastrepha (Diptera:Tephritidae), U.S. Department of Agric. Animal Plant Health Insp. Serv., APHIS 81-52:114 p., 1988). Its affinity for citrus has made it one of the most economically important insects in citrus-growing regions all over the world. This is especially true where it does not occur naturally, but where accidental introduction could cause an economic catastrophe to the citrus industry. Even a small infestation makes all fruit grown in the area suspect and thus unsalable to many would-be importing countries without costly post-harvest treatments or radical extermination programs. Because of this threat, much emphasis has been placed on detection of this species before its populations can become well established and thus difficult to eradicate. The Caribbean fruit fly,
Anastrepha suspensa
(Loew), is known to infest over 80 species of fruit. The presence of the Caribbean fruit fly in Florida posses a constant threat to other citrus growing regions.
Much emphasis has been placed on detection and eradication of frugivorous pest flies. The development of improved lures is needed to monitor and suppress populations of this and other pest fruit flies and to prevent establishment of populations in areas that are currently without these pests.
Methods developed for monitoring, controlling, and eradicating frugivorous fruit flies (Tephritidae) have relied extensively on the use of chemical attractants. Methyl eugenol plus dibrom; cuelure plus dibrom; ammonium salts; and a mixture of 1,7-dioxasprio[5,5]undecane with &agr;-pinene or n-nonanal; and spiroacetal are used as lures for species of Dacus. A composition of hexyl acetate, (E)-2-hexen-lyl acetate, butyl 2-methylbutanoate, propyl hexanoate, hexyl propanoate, butyl hexanoate, and hexyl butanoate is used as a lure for species of Rhagoletis. Effective insect-detection systems are essential for preventing the establishment of fruit flies and surveys for these flies are included in state and federal exotic pest-detection programs in at least nine southern and southwestern states (Lance and Gates, J. Econ. Entomol., Volume 87, 1377-1383, 1994). Califormia, Texas, and Florida maintain large number of trimedlure-baited Jackson traps ((Harris et al., J. Econ. Entomol., Volume 64, 62-65, 1971) for the detection of male
C. capitata
and aqueous protein-baited McPhail traps (Newwll, J. Econ. Entomol., Volume 29, 116-120, 1936; McPhail, J. Econ. Entomol., Volume 32, 758-761, 1939) for detection of male and female
C. capitata
(Mediterranean fruit fly) and
A. ludens
(USDA, National exotic fruit fly trapping protocol, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hyattsville, Md., 1991). McPhail traps are currently used for monitoring fruit flies throughout fruit growing areas of the world. There are several problems associated with use of either of these trapping systems. Although trimedlure is effective in attracting male Mediterranean fruit flies, it is either only weakly active in attracting or is completely ineffective in attracting female Mediterranean fruit flies (Nakagawa et al., J. of Econ. Entomol., Volume 63, 227-229, 1970). Inability to capture female
C. capitata
limits the effectiveness of trimedlure-baited traps as a control device and no information on population dynamics of the female flies is obtained. McPhail traps, bell-shaped glass traps with a water reservoir containing aqueous protein baits, offer the advantage of attracting both male and female
C. capitata
and
A. ludens
fruit flies. However, these traps are cumbersome and have numerous disadvantages of their own. Servicing the trap requires that water and bait be added in a somewhat maladroit manner in which the trap is turned upside down, bait added and then the trap returned to an upright position. This process often results in bait spillage, and the spilled bait becomes a food source for flies outside the trap. Removal of insects trapped requires considerable effort. The contents of the trap must be filtered through a screen to separate the insects from the bait solution. Trapped fruit flies are often found severely decomposed with parts missing. Thus, when these traps are used in conjunction with marked flies in sterile release programs difficulty is encountered in determining whether a trapped fly is a sterile or a wild fly. Other factors that contribute to the difficulty in the deployment of McPhail traps include the size and weight of the trap, and the fragile nature of glass. Protein baits also attract a number of non-targeted insects and considerable time is required to sort among the trapped insects.
Conventional lures currently used to survey and detect frugivorous pests are protein baits such as fermenting yeast hydrolysate (Greany et al., Ent. exp & Appl. 21:63-70, 1977) and protein hydrosylate (McPhail, J. Econ. Entomol. 32:758-761, 1939). The problem with protein lures is that they capture large numbers of nontarget insects. Furthermore, the only lures that are available for attracting both female and male fruit flies are protein baits.
Adult fruit flies require sugar to survive (Christenson & Foote, Annual Review of Entomology 5:171-192, 1960), and honeydew secreted by homopterous insects is recognized as an important food source for adult tephritids (Christenson et al., Annual Review of Entomology 5:171-192, 1960). Female fruit flies also require protein to ensure fecundity, and this protein requirement is the primary basis for traps for detection of female fruit flies.
Hundreds of compounds are known to be released from protein baits (Morton & Bateman, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 32:905-916, 1981). Examples of some volatile components of commercial hydrolyzed protein insect baits are phenylacetaldehyde, acetic acid, furfuryl alcohol, 2-acetylfuran, benzaldehyde, methanol, 2-acetylpyirole, furfural, 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenal, 5-methyl-2-[(methylthio)methyl]-2-hexenal and ammonia. Ammonia (Bateman & Morton, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 32:883-903, 1981; Mazor et al., Entomol. Exp. Appl. 43:25-29, 1987), acetic acid (Keiser et al., Lloydia 38: 141-152, 1976), and various other volatiles (Buttery et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 31: 689-692, 1983) have been investigated as attractants for fruit flies. These reports, however, do not provide information regarding released amounts or ratios of the compounds tested or the effectiveness of these chemicals as compared to McPhail traps.
Bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae have been found in association with tephritid fruit flies (e.g., Rubio and McFadden, Annu. Entomolo. Soc. Amer., Volume 59, 1015-1016, 1966; Boush et al., Environ. Entomol., Volume 1, 30-33, 1972; Rossiter et al., In R. Cavallora (ed.), Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 77-82, 1982; MacCollom and Rutkowski, In Proceedings, Second International Symposium on Fruit Flies, Crete, Greece, 251-253, 1986; Jang and Nishima, Environ. Entomol., V
Epsky Nancy D.
Heath Robert R.
Fado John D.
Levy Neil S.
Silverstein M. Howard
Stover G. Byron
The United States of Americas as represented by the Secretary of
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