Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Having -c- – wherein x is chalcogen – bonded directly to...
Patent
1993-08-30
1994-12-27
Raymond, Richard L.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Having -c-, wherein x is chalcogen, bonded directly to...
A01N 4336
Patent
active
053766750
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to the control of diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in plants and mammals.
PRIOR ART
Since the early 1940s many chemical compounds active against plant parasitic nematodes have been available. These have often displayed undesirable toxic effects, for example the fumigant dibromochloropropane was withdrawn from the market in 1977, as it was thought to cause sterility in workers. During the 1960's fumigant type nematicides were largely superseded by granular systemic nematicides. These have been in use since then, a representative compound being oxamyl. These compounds are mainly oximecarbamates or organophosphate derivatives, and because of their toxicity have to be used in a strictly controlled manner. Accordingly it would be of benefit to have anti-nematode agents that are environmentally favourable, i.e. being non-toxic themselves and in their degradation products to non-target organisms.
Additional prior art is referred to in a separate section after "Summary of the Invention", without which its context would not be clear.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides the use of the compound 2R,5R-dihydroxymethyl-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) ##STR2## or an acid addition salt thereof, for use in controlling diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in plants, including crops, and in mammals. The invention also includes seeds, dressed, coated or impregnated with DMDP or a said salt thereof.
The mechanism through which DMDP controls diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in plants may include any nematotoxic, nematostatic or anti-feedant effect on either adult or juvenile nematodes, inhibition of hatching of larval forms of nematodes, inhibition of root gall formation by nematode feeding, and further extends to any effect on a nematode that prevents its acquisition and/or transmission of plant viruses.
DMDP is of natural origin and has been shown to display low phytotoxicity.
ADDITIONAL PRIOR ART
The discovery and extraction of DMDP is described by L. E. Fellows and G. W. J. Fleet in "Alkaloid Glycosidase Inhibitors from Plants" (In "Natural Products Isolation", G. H. Wagman and R. Cooper, Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988, pp 540-565). In that review certain properties of DMDP, including insecticidal and insect deterrent activity, both as determined experimentally in feeding tests, are referred to. They are more clearly described in L. E. Fellows, Chemistry in Britain pp 842-844 (1987). These and other properties of DMDP are more extensively reviewed in Chapter 11 of "Plant Nitrogen Metabolism", Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1989, pp 395-427, by L. E. Fellows et al., especially at pages 410 (which refers to S. V. Evans et al., Entomol. Exp. Appl. 37, 257-261 (1985), 411 (which refers to the authors' own work and to W. M. Blaney et al., Entomol. Exp. Appl. 36, 209-216 (1984) and 415. See also L. E. Fellows et al., in "Swainsonine and Related Glycosidase Inhibitors", L. James, A. D. Elbein, R. J. Molyneux and C. D. Warren, Eds., Iowa State University Press, 1989, pp 396-416. The properties of DMDP referred to therein are not indicative of an anti-nematode effect.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A further advantage of DMDP lies in its mode of application when treating plants, especially crops. Many existing anti-nematode compounds are applied to the soil by broadcasting and incorporated using rotary cultivation. DMDP can be applied to the leaves, which, somehow produces an anti-nematode action in the roots of the plant. Possibly DMDP is translocated through the phloem, but this is not certain. Hence, DMDP may be applied in the form of a foliar spray instead of or in addition to the above-mentioned conventional means of application. A suitable dosage for soil application of DMDP is from at least 24 to at most 48 kg/ha at 20 cm depth. DMDP may also be applied by pre-treating plant seeds before sowing.
DMDP is water-soluble and can therefore be applied without a surfactant or dispersing agent. The preferred concentration of active i
REFERENCES:
L. Fellows, "The sugar-shaped weapons of plants", New Scientist, 40 & 41, 15 Aug. 1985.
L. E. Fellows, "The Biological Activity of Parlyhydroxyalkaloids from Plants", pesticide Science 17, 602-606 (1986).
L. E. Fellows et al., "Polyhydroxy Plant Alkaloids as Glycosidase Inhibitors and their possible ecological role", American Chemical Society Symposium Series 296, Publication of symposium held Apr.-May 1985, Miami Beach, Chapter 6, pp. 72-76.
L. E. Fellows & G. W. J. Fleet, "Alkaloidal Gylcosidase Inhibitors from Plants" in Natural Products Isolation, ed. G. H. Wagman and R. Cooper, Elsevier Amsterdam (1988) pp. 540-565.
M. S. J. Simmonds et al. "Wild Plants a Source of Novel Anti-insect Compounds: Alkaloidal Glycosidase Inhibitors", in New Crops for Food and Industry, ed. G. E. Wickens, N. Haq and P. Day, (1989), Chapter 36, pp. 365-378.
L. E. Fellows et al., "Castanospermine, Swainsonine and related polyhydroxy alkaloids: structure, distribution and biological activity", in Plant Nitrogen Metabolism, ed. Jonathan E. Poulton, John T. Romeo and Eric E. Conn, Plenum Publishing Corporation (1989), pp. 395-427.
L. Fellows, "Botany breaks into the candy store", New Scientist, 45-48 (26 Aug. 1989).
M. S. J. Simmonds et al., "Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study of Antifeedant Mechanisms associated with Polyhdyroxy Alkaloids," J. Chemical Ecology 16 (11), 3167-3196 (1990).
D. H. Janzen et al., "What Protects Lonchocarpus (Leguminosae) Seeds in a Costa Rican Dry Forest!", Biotropica 22 (3) 272-285 (1990).
L. Fellows, "Sugar-shaped bullets from plants", Chemistry in Britain, 842-844 (Sep. 1987).
Blaney et al, Entomol. exp. Appl, vol. 36, (1984) pp. 209-216.
Evans et al, Entomol. exp. Appl. vol. 37, (1985) pp. 257-261.
Alphey Thomas J. W.
Birch Andrew N. E.
Fellows Linda E.
Robertson Walter M.
British Technology Group Limited
Cebulak Mary C.
Raymond Richard L.
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