Compositions – Radioactive compositions – Nuclear reactor fuel
Patent
1987-05-08
1988-11-01
Lieberman, Paul
Compositions
Radioactive compositions
Nuclear reactor fuel
252500, 252512, 252518, 528380, 528423, 526256, 526258, 429213, 204 59R, H01B 112, H01M 460, C08G 6112, C25B 310
Patent
active
047814438
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This invention relates to electrically conducting polymers, to films of these polymers on electrodes, and to processes for preparing these polymers.
For several years it has been known that organic polymers containing a .pi.-conjugated backbone structure have desirable electrical conductivities for a range of applications. These applications include coatings on electrodes for batteries, galvanic cells, and electrochromic display devices. Probably the best known of these polymers is polyacetylene, especially trans-polyacetylene. These polymers may be doped with conductivity increasing amounts of an electron acceptor (p-type) dopant and/or a conductivity-decreasing amount of an electron donor (n-type) dopant to produce families of polymeric materials whose conductivities range from semiconductor behaviour to metallic behaviour. Methods of doping these polymers with n- and/or p-type dopants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,204,216, 4,222,903, and 4,321,114. Polyphenylene is another conducting polymer disclosed in these patents.
More recently, a series of heterocyclic monomer-based homopolymers have been developed which, to a certain extent, overcome some of the main disadvantages of polyacetylene that include environmental instability and instability in the presence of electrolytes and dopant ions. These include polypyrrole which has been used in electrochromic display devices (Inganas and Lundstrom, J Electrochem Soc (1984) 131(5), 1129-1132 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,304,465). However, it is reported by Inganas and Lundstrom that polypyrrole is readily attacked by oxygen and electrolytes, necessitating ring substitution on the N heteratom which is not always desirable for other reasons. Similar ring substitution is disclosed in EP-A-No. 0095973 which discloses polymers of pyrrole, thiophene and furan that are substituted in the 3 and/or 4 ring positions with groups such as alkyl, cyano and halo. These polymers are disclosed as useful in batteries.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
Accompanying FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of the polymerisation potential against polymerisation time characteristics for the electrochemical polymerisation of 2,2'-dipyrrylmethane described in Example 1.
It is one object of the present invention to provide an alternative, novel conducting polymer which in some instances provides an alternative to ring substitution for stabilising cyclic monomer-based conducting polymers.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an electrically conducting organic material which comprises a polymer optionally doped with an n- or p-type dopant, wherein the polymer contains along its backbone at least one .pi.-conjugated linear unit of formula I ##STR1## wherein A is a divalent optionally-substituted conjugated organic cyclic group containing a .pi.-conjugated sequence of single bonds and at least two double bonds; containing a .pi.-conjugated sequence of single bonds and at least one double bond; contain a different configuration of double and single bonds; and B where m is an odd number from 1 to 11, provided that when Y contains more that one linking atom between said adjacent groups, the linking atoms form a .pi.-conjugated chain of atoms between said adjacent groups A and B, and n is an integer from 1 to 4. The polymer will normally be copolymer of the groups A, B and Y and contain several repeat units of Formula I.
A and B are preferably independently selected from optionally-substituted homocyclic groups containing less than 7 ring atoms and optionally-substituted heterocyclic groups containing less than 7 ring atoms. As an example of a suitable homocyclic group, A may be an optionally-substituted p-phenylene group and B a corresponding optionally-substituted 1,4 cyclohexadiene group of formula ##STR2## More preferably, however, the linear unit is of general formula II ##STR3## wherein X is a Group VIa atom or an optionally-substituted Group Va atom, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, when taken separately, are the same or different and each is selected from the group consi
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Krasnow Ronald A.
Lieberman Paul
The Secretary of State for Defence in Her Britannic Majesty's Go
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