Nucleotide sequences of canola and soybean palmitoyl-ACP thioest

Details Nucleotide sequences of canola and soybean palmitoyl-ACP thioest Nucleotide sequences of canola and soybean palmitoyl-ACP thioest

1997-02-25

1999-09-21

Smith, Lynette F.

Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and

Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or...

The polynucleotide alters fat, fatty oil, ester-type wax, or...

4353201, 435412, 435415, 435416, 435419, 435468, 435469, 435470, 536 232, 536 236, C12N 514, C12N 1529, C12N 1552, C12N 1582

Patent

active

059556501

DESCRIPTION:

BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention relates to the preparation and use of nucleic acid fragments encoding acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase enzymes to modify plant lipid composition. Chimeric genes incorporating such nucleic acid fragments and suitable regulatory sequences may be used to create transgenic plants with altered levels of saturated fatty acids.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Plant lipids have a variety of industrial and nutritional uses and are central to plant membrane function and climatic adaptation. These lipids represent a vast array of chemical structures, and these structures determine the physiological and industrial properties of the lipid. Many of these structures result either directly or indirectly from metabolic processes that alter the degree of saturation of the lipid.
Plant lipids find their major use as edible oils in the form of triacylglycerols. The specific performance and health attributes of edible oils are determined largely by their fatty acid composition. Most vegetable oils derived from commercial plant varieties are composed primarily of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids. Palmitic and stearic acids are, respectively, 16- and 18-carbon-long, saturated fatty acids. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids are 18-carbon-long, unsaturated fatty acids containing one, two, and three double bonds, respectively. Oleic acid is referred to as a mono-unsaturated fatty acid, while linoleic and linolenic acids are referred to as poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The relative amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in commonly used, edible vegetable oils are summarized below (Table 1):


TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Percentages of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in the Oils of Selected Oil Crops Saturated Mono-unsaturated Poly-unsaturated ______________________________________ Canola 6% 58% 36% Soybean 15% 24% 61% Corn 13% 25% 62% Peanut 18% 48% 34% Safflower 9% 13% 78% Sunflower 9% 41% 51% Cotton 30% 19% 51% ______________________________________
Many recent research efforts have examined the role that saturated and unsaturated fatty acids play in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. In the past, it was believed that mono-unsaturates, in contrast to saturates and poly-unsaturates, had no effect on serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk. Several recent human clinical studies suggest that diets high in mono-unsaturated fat and low in saturated fat may reduce the "bad" (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol while maintaining the "good" (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (Mattson et al., Journal of Lipid Research (1985) 26:194-202). Soybean oil is high in saturated fatty acids when compared to other sources of vegetable oil and contains a low proportion of oleic acid, relative to the total fatty acid content of the soybean seed. These characteristics do not meet important health needs as defined by the American Heart Association.
A soybean oil low in total saturates and polyunsaturates and high in monounsaturate would provide significant health benefits to the United States population, as well as, economic benefit to oil processors. in Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, Vol. 8 (1):1-43!. The biosynthesis of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids occur in the plastids by the interplay of three key enzymes of the "ACP track": palmitoyl-ACP elongase, stearoyl-ACP desaturase and the acyl-ACP thioesterases.
Of these three enzyme types, the acyl-ACP thioesterases function to remove the acyl chain from the carrier protein (ACP) and thus from the metabolic pathway. The oleoy-ACP thioesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of oleoyl-ACP thioesters at high rates and at much lower rates the hydrolysis of palmitoyl-ACP and stearoyl-ACP. This multiple activity leads to substrate competition between enzymes and it is the competition of this acyl-ACP thioesterase and palmitoyl-ACP elongase for the same substrate and of acyl-ACP thioesterase and stearoyl-ACP desaturase for the same substra

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