Food or edible material: processes – compositions – and products – Treatment of live animal
Patent
1991-04-25
1993-02-02
Penland, R. B.
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
Treatment of live animal
426 69, 426656, 426807, 514557, A23K 100
Patent
active
051836742
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a food and feedstuff for humans and animals comprising keto acids.
The object of the present invention is to obtain a food and feedstuff, which having a reduced content of proteins still might fulfil the demand of the animals as to access to protein forming and energy providing substances. Furthermore, the feedstuff shall fulfil the demand for access to biomolecules deriving from non-essential amino acids. The invention further aims to reduce the excretion of nitrogen from the organism.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is well known that water living carnivores, such as salmon, and land based carnivores, such as mink, live under natural conditions, on a diet consisting of 30 to 55% of proteins (90% DS). The choice of food is depending on live phase and specie. A great deal of this protein can be oxidized to form energy providing compounds, such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which results in excretion of nitrogen to the environment. At an intense cultivation of e.g. fish and mink this might cause an environmental problem.
During natural conditions omnivores live on a diet consisting of 15 to 30% of proteins (90% DS). During certain conditions this protein might be used for providing energy.
The most energy demanding tissue in the body is the muscles, which obtains its carbohydrate energy from the food directly via the blood or from the liver via the blood in the form of glucose. Glucose is formed in the liver from inter alia decomponents of the proteins of the muscles. The compounds which hereby form glucose are substantially alanine and its corresponding keto acid. It has also been shown that the corresponding keto acids of some essential amino acids, such as alpha keto isocaproate (KIC), may be precursors of amino acids, e.g. KIC of leucine. NH.sub.4.sup.+ +KG+NADPH=Glutamate+NADP.sup.+ +H.sub.2 O Glutamate provides the alpha amino group in the synthesis of most non-essential amino acids; acids are all intermediates of the glucolysis, the pentose-monophosphate shunt or the citric acid cycle and may hereby be derived from pyruvate or KG (cf FIG. 5) conditions and other low energy situations, the oxidation of amino acids increases whereby a deamination with KG or PY as amino receptors belongs to the starting processes (cf. FIG. 6); proline.
Pyruvate is a centre of the metabolism (cf. FIG. 4), where the following steps can be distinguished: during aerobic conditions; in the citric acid cycle; oxaloacetate, which either provides the citric acid cycle with intermediates (at a low concentration of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) or becomes a substrate in the gluconeogenesis (at high ATP concentrations); pentose-monophosphate shunt, where NADPH is formed (essential in several anabolic processes, i.a. the synthesis of the non-essential amino acids) and ribose-5-phosphate, which is a substrate at the synthesis of nucleotides; where pyruvate contributes with the carbon skeleton.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
It has now surprisingly been shown possible, with a maintained formation of proteins, to be able to reduce the excretion of nitrogen from animals and man by replacing a part of the protein of food and feedstuffs by means of the present invention. This is characterized in that the ingoing protein is replaced by alpha keto glutaric acid; a combination of alpha keto glutaric acid and pyruvic acid; oxaloacetate or oxaloacetate in combination with alpha keto glutaric acid or pyruvate or another keto acid according to the formula R--CO--COOX, wherein R denotes a part of a non-essential amino acid and X denotes hydrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or organic base or non-toxic precursors or intermediates of these.
The keto acids above can generally be defined by the formula R--CO--COOX, wherein R denotes a part of a non-essential amino acid and X denotes hydrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or organic base or non-toxic precursors or intermediates of such keto acids. These compounds will in the following for the reason of simplicity be called k
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The Merck Index Published by Merck & Co. 1968, Eighth Edition, pp. 600 and 897.
Routh, et al. A Brief Introduction To General Organic And Biochemistry, 1971, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p. 400.
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