Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...
Reexamination Certificate
2002-01-02
2004-06-08
Stockton, Laura L. (Department: 1626)
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...
C548S455000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06747159
ABSTRACT:
DESCRIPTION
Polymethine dyes, also known as cyanines, conform to the generalised formula:
X—(CR)
n
—X
1
in which n is an odd positive integer and (n+3) &pgr; electrons are distributed over the polymethine chain and the terminal atoms X and X
1
; R, attached to the methine carbon C, is hydrogen or a radical. In the large majority of dyes X and X
1
are the nitrogen atoms in a heterocyclic ring, but dyes are known in which one or both of the groups art non-cyclic or carbocyclic. The —CR— groups can be replaced by one ore more aza (—N═) links.
Comprehensive reviews regarding polymethine dyes have been by written by L. G. S. Brooker, “The Theory of the Photographic Process” Mees Ed., Macmillan, New York, (1942), p. 987 and (1966), p. 198; Frances M. Hamer, in “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds”, Vol 18, “The Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds”, Weissberger, Ed, Wiley Interscience, New York, (1964); G. E. Ficken, “The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes”, Vol 4, K. Venkataraman Ed., Academic Press, New York, (1971), p.211; A. I. Kiprianov, Usp. Khim., 29, 1336, (1960), 35, 361 (1966), 40, 594 (1971); D. W. Heseltine, “The Theory of the Photographic Process”,4
th
edition, James Ed., Macmillan, New York, (1977), chapter 8, “Sensitising and Desensitising Dyes”; S. Daehne, Phot. Sci. Eng., 12, 219 (1979); D. J. Fry, “Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds”, “Cyanine Dyes and Related Compounds”, Vol. IVb, chapter 15, p.369 Elsevier, Amsterdam, (1977); Supplement to Vol. IVb, 2
nd
Edition (1985), p.267; H. Zollinger, “Color Chemistry”, VCH, Weinheim (1987), chapters 3 and 14; D. M. Sturmer, “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds”, “Special Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry”, chapter VIII, “Synthesis and Properties of Cyanine and Related Dyes”, Weissberger Ed., Wiley, New York, (1977); “The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology” Vol 7, p. 782, “Cyanine Dyes”, Wiley, New-York, (1993).
For many years, polymethine dyes have been very useful as sensitisers in photography, especially in the red and near infrared regions of the spectrum. However, in more recent years, there has been an upsurge of new uses of these dyes in innovative technological areas, such as laser and electro-optic applications, optical recording media, medical, biological and diagnostic. These new applications of polymethine dyes place high demands on the degree of purity required, and the reproducibility of synthetic methods and purification steps is very important. These requirements are especially stringent for dyes designed to improve detection of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and of antigens in immunoassays. In these fields, the trend toward an increasing miniaturisation is accompanied by an increasing demand on sensitivity of the reporter molecules or labels. One way to increase the sensitivity of conventional fluorescence method is to use laser sources for the excitation. However, traditional fluorescent labels based on fluoresceins or rhodamins required expensive and/or bulky lasers. Moreover, their fluorescence occurs in the blue-green to green regions of the visible spectrum, where interference from the sample matrix is more likely to occur. Polymethine dyes do not suffer from these limitations. They can be efficiently excited by means of small, inexpensive solid state devices such as laser diodes or light emitting diodes, with extinction coefficients often several times higher than fluoresceins and rhodamines; they emit in the red and near-infrared regions of the spectrum, where non-specific fluorescence from the sample is low or lacking; another sources, Raman noise, becomes smaller with the inverse fourth power of wavelength (Imasaka, T., Yoshitake, A., and Ishibashi, N, “Semiconductor Laser Fluorimetry in the Near-Infrared Region”, Anal. Chem., 56, 1077 (1984); Imasaka, T., and Ishibashi, N., “Diode Lasers and practical trace Analysis”, Anal. Chem., 62, 363 (1990); Matsuoka, M., Ed., “Infrared Absorbing Dyes”, Plenum Press, New York, (1990); J. Fabian, H. Nakazumi, M. Matsuoka, “Near-Infrared Absorbing Dyes”, Chem. Rev., 92, 1197, (1992); S. Daehne, U. Resch-Genger, O. S. Wolfbeis, “Near-Infrared Dyes for High Technology Applications”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1997).
To be useful as a label, a dye has to be provided with a suitable side chain containing a functional group. While the main part of the dye structure is generally known from previous applications, the introduction of a functional group into the structure for the purpose of conjugation, or binding to another molecule, represents the innovative step in the inventions concerning the use of the dye as a labelling reagent. In general, only one such functionalised side arm is preferable, in order to avoid cross-linking or purification problems. With a few exceptions, limited to heptamethine dyes, the standard approach in the design of polymethine labelling reagents has been to attach the functionalised side arm to one of the heterocyclic nuclei of the dye, formula (a):
HET
1
—HET
2
—Z
See, for instance: J. S. Lindsey, P. A. Brown, and D. A. Siesel, “Visible Light-Harvesting in Covalently-Linked Porphyrin-Cyanine Dyes, Tetrahedron, 45, 4845, (1989); R. B. Mujumdar, L. A. Ernst, S. R. Mujumdar, and A. S. Waggoner, “Cyanine Dye Labelling Reagents Containing Isothiocyanate Groups”, Cytometry, 10, 11 (1989); L. A. Ernst, R. K. Gupta, R. B. Mujumdar, and A. S. Waggoner, “Cyanine Dye Labelling Reagents for sulphydryl Groups”, Cytometry, 10, 3, (1989); P. L. Southwick P. L., L. A. Ernst, E. W. Tauriello, S. R. Parker, R. B. Mujumdar, S. R. Mujumdar, H. A. Clever, and A. S. Waggoner, “Cyanine Dye Labelling Reagents-Carboxymethylindocyanine Succinimidyl Esters”, Cytometry 11, 418 (1990); R. B. Mujumdar, L. A. Ernst, Swati R. Mujumdar, C. J. Lewis, and A. S. Waggoner, “Cyanine Dye Labelling Reagents: Sulfoindocyanine Succinimidyl Esters”, Bioconjugate Chemistry, 4, 105, (1993); A. J. G. Mank, E. J. Molenaar, H. Lingeman, C. Goojer, U. A. Th. Brinkman, and N. H. Velthorst, “Visible Diode Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection in Liquid Chromatography after Precolumn Derivatisation of Thiols”, Anal. Chem., 65, 2197, (1993); H. Yu., J. Chao, D. Patek, S. R. Mujumdar, and A. S. Waggoner, “Cyanine dye dUTP analogs for enzymatic labelling of DNA Probes”, Nucl. Acids Res 22, 3226, (1994); Z. Zho, J. Chao, H. Yu, and A. S. Waggoner, “Directly labelled DNA probes using fluorescent nucleotides with different length linkers”, Nucl. Acids, Res, 22, 3226. A. J. G. Mank, H. T. C. van der Laan, , H. Lingeman, Cees Goojer, U. A. Th. Brinkman, and N. H. Velthorst, “Visible Diode Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection in Liquid Chromatography after Precolumn Derivatisation of Amines”, Anal. Chem., 67, 1742, (1995); S. R. Mujumdar, R. B. Mujumdar, C. M. Grant, and A. S. Waggoner, “Cyanine Labelling Reagents: sulfobenzoindocyanine succinimidyl esters”, Bioconjugate Chemistry, 7, 356, (1996). Patent Literature: P. L. Southwick, and A. S. Waggoner, “Intermediate for and Fluorescent Cyanine Dyes containing Carboxylic Acid Groups”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,977, Jan. 1, 1991; A. S. Waggoner, L. A. Ernst, and Mujumdar, R. B., “Method for Labelling and Detecting Materials Employing Arylsulfonate Cyanine Dyes”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,486, Dec. 7., 1993; A. S. Waggoner, “Cyanine Dyes as Labelling Reagents for Detection of Biological and Other Materials by Luminescence Methods”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,027, May 6, 1996; A. S. Waggoner, and R. B. Mujumdar, “Rigidised Trimethine Cyanine Dyes”, WO99/311181; G.-Y. Shen, T. S. Dobashi, “Cyanine Dye Activating Group with Improved Coupling Selectivity”; T. S. G. M. Little, R. Raghavachari; N. Narayanan; H. L. Osterman, “Fluorescent Cyanine Dyes”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,709, Feb. 22, 2000.
The general synthetic strategy necessary to prepare these labelling reagents is as follows. First, a quaternised nitrogen heterocycle HET
1
is prepared. Then, this heterocyclic base is reacted with an electrophilic reagent such as PhNH—(CH═CH)
n
—CH═NHPh.HCl or RO—(CH═CH)
n
—CH(OR)
2
, where Ph is a phenyl ri
Caputo Giuseppe
Ciana Leopoldo Della
Myers Bigel & Sibley Sajovec, PA
Stockton Laura L.
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