Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Carbohydrate doai
Reexamination Certificate
2001-05-25
2004-08-17
Wilson, James O. (Department: 1623)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Carbohydrate doai
C514S042000, C514S043000, C514S045000, C514S046000, C562S563000, C562S573000, C424S442000, C426S623000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06777396
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a feed for improving body weight gain efficiency and feed efficiency in livestock.
2. Background Art Relating to the Invention
Troubles during the juvenile period can be exemplified as characteristic problems in breeding industrial animals. For example, during the period from just after birth to just before the change of the feed to a grower diet via the weaning period, feed intake of animals is reduced due to influence of the stress caused by the dietary change from mother's milk to solid feed. In addition to this, it is known that various stresses such as diarrhea, various infections, changes in environment and dense rearing etc., induce reduction of feed intake and become a factor for retarded growth of animals. Since such a delay of growth becomes a cause of industrially serious loss, various attempts have been made as its countermeasure. For example, feeding of a diet supplemented with a material having high palatability, such as a sweetener, has been attempted particularly in order to increase feed intake, but distinct effects have not been observed yet.
As characteristic findings caused by these stresses, reduction of small intestinal functions due to atrophy of small intestinal villi can be exemplified. It is said that a physical factor and a chemical factor, namely a physical stimulus to the mucous membrane by the intake of solid feed and a chemical stimulus by nutrient substances, are concerned in the growth of villi, but it is unclear about which of them has large contribution. In any case, however, it can be easily imagined that absorption of nutrient substances cannot sufficiently be effected under atrophy of villi and, as a result, feed efficiency is reduced and delay of body weight gain takes place.
Several findings have been reported stating that when atrophy of small intestinal villi was experimentally effected in experimental animals, recovery of the villi was accelerated by the administration of nucleic acid (
Nutrition
, Vol. 13, No. 4 (1997);
J. Nutr
., 125: 42-48 (1995);
JPEN
, 14: 598-604 (1990)). These reports suggests that the addition of nucleic acid to feed as a substrate for nucleic acid synthesis is effective on tissues which require rapid cell proliferation, such as intestinal villi. In addition, since it is considered that de novo nucleic acid synthesis using amino acids as the substrate is immature in juvenile animals, it can be assumed that efficacy of the nucleic acid administration may be more pronounced in such a period of animals.
Also, it is presumed that mother's milk contains several factors in order to effect development and maintenance of small intestinal functions in children. Among them, glutamine is a principal free amino acid in mother's milk. Therefore, it is considered that this amino acid is essential for the development and maintenance of small intestinal functions in animals (
Nutrition Review
, 48: 297 (1990)). Also, since it has been reported that the concentration of free glutamine in mother's milk of a sow increases as the lactation progresses (
J. Nutr
., 124: 415-424 (1994)), a possibility can be suggested that this amino acid is playing an important role in juvenile animals. In addition, since it is known that glutamine derived from feed is not only a main energy source for intestinal epithelial cells but also a precursor of nucleic acid, it is considered that this amino acid is an essential nutrient substance for maintaining morphology and function of normal mucous membrane of small intestine (
JPEN
, 11; 569-579 (1987);
Annu. Rev. Nutr
., 11: 285-308 (1991);
JPEN
, 14: 237-243 (1990)).
Similarly to glutamine, glutamic acid is also a principal amino acid in mother's milk, and it has been reported, e.g., that this is the most abundant amino acid particularly in sow's milk (
Br. J. Nutr
., 79: 129-131 (1998)). Also, studies on the function of glutamic acid in mucous membrane of small intestine has recently been accumulated, and it has been revealed that glutamic acid derived from feed is a main energy source for small intestine epithelial cells as well as glutamine, is a precursor of arginine and proline, and also is a material for the synthesis of glutathione (
Am. J. Physiol
., 273: E408-E415 (1997);
J. Nutr
., 126: 878-886 (1996);
J. Nutr
., 128: 1249-1252 (1998);
J. Nutr
., 130; 978S-982S (2000)). Based on these viewpoints, it is considered in recent years that glutamic acid is an amino acid essential for the maintenance of small intestinal functions.
From the above reports, it is presumed that each of nucleic acid, glutamine and glutamic acid may each independently have improving effects on small intestinal function to a certain degree. However, no information is available to date concerning effects of the combination use of at least two of them, such as nucleic acid and glutamine, nucleic acid and glutamic acid, glutamine and glutamic acid, and the like.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a feed and method for improving body weight gain efficiency and feed efficiency in livestock.
This and other objects of the present invention have been accomplished by a composition for livestock feed, comprising
a feed for livestock and
at least two additives selected from the group consisting of nucleic acid, glutamine and glutamic acid.
Also, this and other objects of the present invention have been accomplished by a method for increasing body weight gain efficiency and feed efficiency in livestock, comprising administering the above composition for livestock feed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that, when at least two additives selected from the group consisting of nucleic acid, glutamine and glutamic acid are added to a feed for livestock, such as ordinary feed for livestock, feed efficiency is improved and growth of livestock is accelerated in comparison with a case in which these additives are added each independently, thus resulting in the accomplishment of the present invention.
Also, as the feed for livestock according to the present invention, ordinary feeds for livestock can be used, and preferred examples include a milk replacer, a pre-starter feed and a starter feed. It is preferred that the nucleic acid is added in an amount from 0.01 to 2.5% by weight per feed weight, and the glutamine and glutamic acid are added in an amount from 0.05 to 2.5% by weight per feed weight. Namely, a mixture of at least two additives selected from the group consisting of nucleic acid, glutamine and glutamic acid are added in an amount from 0.05 to 5% by weight per feed weight.
It is preferred that the administering period of the composition for livestock feed is the weaning period, namely a period before and after 1 to 2 weeks of weaning.
The term “livestock” as used herein means industrial animals for milk, meat or leather production, such as cattle, swine, chicken, horse, turkey, sheep, goat, and the like.
The nucleic acid for use in the present invention is not a nucleic acid derived from cereals contained in feed and the like, but a nucleic acid existing as a single substance, or cells, such as bacteria, yeast, and the like, containing a large amount of nucleic acid. As the nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are effective. The nucleic acid can be used not only as a so-called polymer nucleic acid but also in the form of nucleotides as its composing units, nucleosides formed from nucleotides by dephosphorylation, and purine or pyrimidine bases as the minimum unit. Examples of the nucleotide include adenosine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate, cytidine monophosphate, uridine monophosphate, thymidine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate, and the like. Examples of the nucleoside include compounds resulting from dephosphorylation of these nucleotides. Also, adenine and guanine can be exemplified as the purine base, and cytosine, uracil and thymine as the pyrimidine base.
The gl
Sato Hiroyuki
Shinzato Izuru
Takeuchi Makoto
Toride Yasuhiko
Ajinomoto Co. Inc.
Krishnan Ganapathy
Wilson James O.
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