Gas: heating and illuminating – Generators
Reexamination Certificate
2003-06-17
2004-04-13
Caldarola, Glenn (Department: 1764)
Gas: heating and illuminating
Generators
C048S06200R, C048S085200, C048S1970FM, C422S225000, C422S234000, C423S658200
Reexamination Certificate
active
06719817
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the generation of hydrogen gas and, more specifically, to the generation of hydrogen gas by cavitation from water.
Hydrogen can be manufactured or extracted from water in many ways. Typically, chemical, electrical, electrochemical, or thermo-chemical reactions are used to generate hydrogen, in some of which cases water may be used as the source of the hydrogen. In the present invention, cavitation effect in water is used to generate hydrogen without employing additional chemical, electrical, or other means. The present invention's cavitation means of generating hydrogen from water is mechanical in nature.
When a mass of water is in contact with gaseous mass such as the air, phase interchange occurs naturally, in which some of the water molecules escape into the air in one hand while moisture in the air is recaptured into the water. Eventually, in a closed system, equilibrium is reached, given a constant temperature.
Random energy fluctuation on individual water molecules enable a small portion of the water molecules to achieve enough escape energy to evaporate into the air. With a higher temperature, a greater number of molecules achieves this escape energy. This process can be most efficient in a vacuum as the recapturing process is eliminated.
A small portion of these escaping water molecules gains higher energy and breaks down into component atoms, which, in turn, form covalent diatomic molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in short order. Agitating the water molecules by mechanical means can accelerate this process of cavitation by introducing additional energy in the form of mechanical impact energy.
The present invention of the cavitation hydrogen generator delivers high mechanical impact energy to water molecules while also creating a near vacuum in which to do so, thereby maximizing the cavitation effect. This “agitation” is carried out by a number of high-speed, turbine blades units incased in a sectioned, double-walled housing. The agitation action is carried out by the individual blades spinning at high speed while creating centrifugal force on the water and gas mixture present in the space of the turbine blades units. The turbine back plates and section walls of the housing unit regulate the flow of the mixture so that the mixture is directed to the center of each of the turbine blades units at each stage.
The outer wall of the unit is coated with carbon fiber to preclude the passage of hydrogen outside the unit.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There are other hydrogen generating devices. Typical of these is U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,493 issued to Fujii, et al. on Jul. 13, 1976.
Another patent was issued to Stephen Horvath on Sep. 14, 1976 as U.S. Pat. No. 3,980,053. Yet another U.S. Pat. No. 4,155,712 was issued to Walter G. Taschek on May 22, 1979 and still yet another was issued on May 26, 1981 to Masahiro Suzuki as U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,818.
Another patent was issued to Belke, et al. on Aug. 10, 1982 as U.S. Pat. No. 4,343,624. Yet another U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,500 was issued to Ronald I. Papineau on Feb. 1, 1983. Another was issued to Carr, et al. on Jul. 10, 1984 as U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,634 and still yet another was issued on Jul. 15, 1986 to Rajendra P. Dalal as U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,865.
Another patent was issued to Willey, et al. on Jan. 21, 1992 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,544 and Huffman was issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,306 on May 30, 1995. Yet another U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,681 was issued to Sato, et al. on Aug. 19, 1997. Another was issued to Günter Pöschl on Oct. 21, 1997 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,236 and still yet another was issued on Nov. 10, 1998 to Otto J. Adlhart as U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,934.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,493
Inventor: Fujii, et al.
Issued: Jul. 13, 1976
Calcium hydroxide and iodine are reacted with each other in the presence of water to produce calcium iodate and calcium iodide, the former of which precipitates from the reaction solution and is obtained by filtration and the latter of which is thereafter separated from the filtrate by evaporation separation. The calcium iodate is heated until it is converted into calcium oxide, whereafter there ensues generation of a mixed gas of iodine and oxygen. The mixed gas is cooled causing the iodine component thereof to solidify and pure oxygen gas is consequently liberated to be obtained as one product. The calcium iodide is solidified and subsequently heated under a current of steam to cause it to undergo conversion into calcium oxide with liberation of hydrogen iodide gas. The hydrogen iodide gas thus liberated is then separated by a known method into iodine and hydrogen which is obtained as another product. The calcium oxide and iodine remaining after separation of oxygen and hydrogen are recycled to serve again as starting reactants.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,980,053
Inventor: Stephen Horvath
Issued: Sep. 14, 1976
A fuel supply apparatus generates, hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water. There is provided an electrolytic cell which has a circular anode surrounded by a cathode with a porous membrane therebetween. The anode is fluted and the cathode is slotted to provide anode and cathode areas of substantially equal surface area. A pulsed electrical current is provided between the anode and cathode for efficient generation of hydrogen and oxygen. The electrolytic cell is equipped with a float, which detects the level of electrolyte within the cell, and water is added to the cell as needed to replace the water lost through the electrolysis process. The hydrogen and oxygen are collected in chambers which are an integral part of the electrolytic cell, and these two gases are supplied to a mixing chamber where they are mixed in the ratio of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen. This mixture of hydrogen and oxygen flows to another mixing chamber wherein it is mixed with air from the atmosphere. The system is disclosed as being installed in an automobile, and a dual control system, which is actuated by the automobile throttle, first meters the hydrogen and oxygen mixture into the chamber wherein it is combined with air and then meters the combined mixture into the automobile engine. The heat of combustion of a pure hydrogen and oxygen mixture is greater than that of a gasoline and air mixture of comparable volume, and air is therefore mixed with the hydrogen and oxygen to produce a composite mixture which has a heat of combustion approximating that of a normal gas-air mixture. This composite mixture of air, hydrogen and oxygen then can be supplied directly to a conventional internal combustion engine without overheating and without creation of a vacuum in the system.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,155,712
Inventor: Walter G. Taschek
Issued: May 22, 1979
A relatively small size apparatus for generating hydrogen by the reaction of a metal hydride with water vapor is disclosed. The metal hydride utilized to generate the hydrogen gas is housed in a fuel chamber of the apparatus and water vapor is introduced into the fuel chamber through a porous membrane having selected characteristics. The metal hydride reacts with the water vapor in a conventional manner to produce pure hydrogen. A variable gas pressure-liquid pressure balance means for introduction of water vapor enables automatic hydrogen generation on demand and enables complete shut down when demand ceases. The apparatus of this invention may be operated at any selected constant pressure feed rate. Further, with the apparatus of this invention the water source is effectively isolated from the metal hydride by the porous membrane, which has hydrophobic characteristics, and as a consequence, both contamination of the water source and caking of the metal hydride fuel is minimized. The apparatus of this invention can be utilized as a hydrogen or other gas source in many applications where a source of hydrogen or other gas is required but is ideally suited for regulated and pressure feed applications, for example, as the hydrogen source for the hydrogen electrode of the fuel cell.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,269
Caldarola Glenn
Kroll Michael I
Ridley Basia
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