Interactive video distribution systems – User-requested video program system
Reexamination Certificate
1999-05-21
2003-08-05
Miller, John (Department: 2614)
Interactive video distribution systems
User-requested video program system
C725S112000, C725S109000, C725S110000, C709S217000, C709S219000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06604241
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to apparatus, methods and protocols useful in carrying out data communication between devices in a network. The invention relates more specifically to communicating network information among network devices using protocols based on Universal Resource Locators.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A computer network generally includes a number of devices, including switches, routers and hubs, connected so as to allow communication among the devices. The devices within a network are often categorized into two classes: end stations such as workstations, desktop PCs, printers, servers, hosts, fax machines, and devices that primarily supply or consume information; and network devices such as gateways, switches and routers that primarily forward information between the other devices.
Each device has one or more circuit boards, a microprocessor and a memory, and runs a control program. In general, networks often include several different types of data switching and routing devices. These network devices may have different physical characteristics. New devices, with characteristics that are presently unknown, are constantly being developed. The characteristics of many network devices may change over time. For example, characteristics of the network devices change when subsystems like boards, network interface modules, and other parts are added or removed from a device. Further, network devices ordinarily operate on a continuous basis. Accordingly, many networks are managed, supervised and maintained by a network administrator or network manager.
To properly maintain a network, the network administrator needs to have up-to-date information available about the devices in the network and how the devices are interconnected. A network management system or network management software may be used to automate these tasks. To obtain information about the network, the network management system may communicate with network devices using an agreed-upon network management protocol. An example of a network communication protocol that facilitates network management is Simple Network Management Protocol (“SNMP”), which is described in “Introduction to SNMPv3,” http://www.snmp.com/v3hotspot/white.html, and “Internetworking Technologies Handbook,” published by Cisco Systems, Inc.
SNMP is an asynchronous protocol that operates using a request-response model. A significant limitation of SNMP is that it may be used only for communications over networks that use Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) for communication at lower network layers. There is a need for a way to use SNMP communications over networks that use other types of transport protocols such as IPX, SPX, and AppleTalk.
Certain network servers and other network devices communicate using the Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol. RADIUS is useful for controlling access, authentication, and accounting for remote users who dial in to a server to obtain network services. RADIUS is defined in, for example, “RADIUS: Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service: Remote Network Access Security in an Open Systems Environment,” http://www.kmj.com/radius.html. RADIUS operates below the application layer and tends to implemented in a network device in a way that is tightly coupled to the functions carried out by the device. In addition, because RADIUS is a lower-level protocol, obtaining and displaying management information in a human-perceivable manner requires use of an intermediate computer. Due to the limitations of RADIUS, some network management systems require one server for carrying out RADIUS access, authentication, and accounting (AAA) functions, and a second server that obtains RADIUS information, formats it, and generates one or more HTML pages containing the information.
FIG. 1
is a block diagram of a network management system in which Gateway
112
controls access by one or more Users
118
to a Managed Network
116
. All network traffic directed from User
118
to Managed Network
116
must pass through Gateway
112
and is blocked unless the User is authenticated. Gateway
112
executes a Radius agent
114
. For example, a system of this type may be used to configure a network using the 6510 Service Selection Gateway that is commercially available from Cisco Systems, Inc., San Jose, Calif. The Cisco 6510 contains three Fast Ethernet ports. A first port is connected to receive user traffic directed at a managed network; a second port is connected to the managed network; and the third port may be connected to a RADIUS server and a Service Selection Dashboard server on a separate subnet or the same network as the network side.
Gateway
112
communicates with Managed Network
116
and its devices using SNMP. A software application that provides user interface functions, DashBoard
108
, executes in an HTTP Server
106
and communicates with the Gateway using a Radius host
110
complementary to Radius agent
114
. HTTP Server
106
is coupled to Network
104
by a network link. A Client
100
, which executes a Browser
102
, is also coupled to Network
104
and may be located logically or physically remote from the Network, HTTP Server, and Gateway. Client
100
is a computer device such as a workstation, personal computer, server, or other equivalent network element. Network
104
in this embodiment is contemplated to be a global, packet-switched network that uses open protocols, such as the Internet. However, Network
104
may comprise any communication network. Browser
102
is an application program that may send and receive network information. Examples of commercial products that are suitable for use as Browser
102
are Microsoft Internet Explorer® and Netscape Navigator®.
In this arrangement, HTTP Server
106
communicates with Gateway
112
using RADIUS protocol messages, and communicates with Browser
102
using HTML over an HTTP network. This arrangement is functional, however, it would be simpler and less expense to provide a way to directly query and display RADIUS information using a client or server that can communicate using HTML. In addition, the foregoing arrangement requires the Gateway
112
or the DashBoard application
108
to store state information so that HTML transactions can be correlated with RADIUS transactions.
Another problem in this field is that streaming video information cannot be communicated efficiently over every network element. For example, there are now several different streaming video client programs available, such that streaming video is becoming ubiquitous. The video clients are capable of executing on a variety of platforms and can receive video information that is transported over many different network protocols. There is also increasing interest in the use of programs written in the Java® language to carry out network processing functions. However, at present Java® applets require the use of TCP/IP as a transport protocol.
A related problem is that using conventional streaming video clients and transport protocols, when a video stream is carried through the network, certain internetwork elements may not be set immediately to the best available quality of service. Delivery of streaming video requires network elements having high bandwidth and throughput to be continuously available. However, the network elements and the software that manages them may take considerable time to recognize the nature of the stream and set each internetwork element to an appropriate quality of service.
The Universal Resource Locator (URL) provides a way to identify a multimedia resource in a network. The URL is defined in T. Berners-Lee, “Uniform Resource Locators (URL): A Syntax for the Expression of Access Information of Objects on the Network,” Mar. 21, 1994. However, in the past, the use of URLs for locating information in a network has required a network that communicates using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This protocol is not available in all network devices. Many devices, such as switches and routers, ca
Haeri Arsalan
Soneson Eric D.
Miller John
Shang Annan Q.
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