Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Having -c- – wherein x is chalcogen – bonded directly to...
Reexamination Certificate
2001-02-05
2002-12-31
Weddington, Kevin E. (Department: 1614)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Having -c-, wherein x is chalcogen, bonded directly to...
C514S289000, C514S535000, C514S648000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06500838
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Stereotypic behavior in animals (also called “repetitive” or “compulsive” behavior) has been defined by some researchers as acts that are repetitive and constant, which may appear to serve no obvious purpose, and may even be injurious. One of the most common of these behaviors is, for example, crib-biting by horses—grabbing and biting of the feed bin or of parts of the structure in which the horse is housed (also called “cribbing”—see U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,451 for a description of this behavior, associated behaviors, and resulting problems). Another common behavior in dogs is compulsive licking of itself—even to the point of aggravating a sore (“lick granuloma” or “acral lick”). Stereotypies may show some degree of variation, and may be unlike the more typical behaviors such as cribbing and licking, in that they have no features of repetitive motion, but are characterized rather by motionless staring or a frozen body position.
The repetitive behaviors of animals and the compulsive behaviors of humans have both responded to treatment with some of the same drugs. See, e.g., regarding treatment of acral lick with drugs that have shown benefit in human obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Rapoport, J. L.,
Clin. Neurophar.
15: Suppl. 1 Pt A: 261A-262A, 1992; Rapoport, J. L. et al.,
Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
49:517-521, 1992. See also Smith, K. C. and Pittlekow, M. R.,
J. Am. Dermatol.
20:860-861, 1989, wherein it was reported that onychophagia and skin picking responded to treatment with (−) enantiomers of opioid antagonists, which have been effective also in compulsive hair pulling in cats, feather picking in birds, acral lick in dogs and cribbing in horses (Dodman, N. H.,
Vet. International
6:13-20, 1994; Dodman, N. H. et al.,
J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
193:815-819, 1988; Turner, R., Proceedings of Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians: Aug. 31-Sep. 4, 1993, Nashville, Tenn., pp. 116-118). See also U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,451, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Studies of this type provide justification for the conclusion that the same underlying physiological processes are involved in causation of the animal and human behaviors. Therefore, they should all respond positively to new methods of therapy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a method for treating a disorder in animals, variously termed repetitive, stereotypic, or compulsive behavior, and which can also be self-injurious by administering to the animal, by one or more appropriate routes and by appropriate doses, an effective amount of one or more NMDA receptor antagonists. In some cases, the composition comprises one or more NMDA receptor antagonists that are not haloperidol. In some cases the composition comprises one or more NMDA receptor antagonists, and does not comprise an opioid receptor agonist or antagonist which is primarily (−) enantiomer. In some cases the composition comprises one or more NMDA receptor antagonists, but does not comprise an opioid receptor agonist or antagonist of either (+) or (−) enantiomer.
The invention, more particularly, is a method for treating compulsive behaviors in horses, such as crib biting, wind sucking, stall walking, weaving, head bobbing, pawing, tonguing, self-biting, flank sucking, and head shaking, by administering to the horse a composition comprising one or more NMDA receptor antagonists.
In another particular embodiment, the invention is a method for treating compulsive behaviors in dogs, such as compulsive licking (acral lick), tail chasing and whirling, pacing, fly chasing, shadow or light chasing, excessive barking, stone eating, excessive drinking, and excessive eating, comprising administering to the dog an effective amount of an NMDA receptor antagonist.
Also an embodiment of the invention is a method for treating compulsive behaviors in cats, such as wool sucking, compulsive licking, tail chasing, hoarding, pacing, excessive marking, compulsive masturbation, and compulsive aggression.
A further embodiment of the invention is a method for treating compulsive behaviors in birds, such as feather and skin picking.
The invention relates to a method for treating a disorder (or more than one disorder, as it is possible that two or more can occur together) in humans, variously termed repetitive, stereotypic, or compulsive behavior, and which can also be self-injurious, by administering to the human, by one or more appropriate routes and by appropriate doses, one or more NMDA receptor antagonists, thereby relieving the frequency and/or intensity of the compulsion and reducing the frequency and/or intensity of the behavior.
Examples of the human behaviors which can be treated by these methods include, but are not limited to: obsessive-compulsive disorder (with its various manifestations of checking, counting, washing to remove contamination, etc.), trichotillomania, psychogenic excoriation, nail biting, compulsive exercising, smoking compulsion, drug (opioid) addiction, and alcohol addiction. These compulsive behaviors may be related also to compulsive gambling, compulsive shopping, and eating disorders.
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Smith, K.C. et al., “Naltrexone for neurotic excoriations,”J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 20 (5) :860-861 (1989).
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Dodman, N.H. et al., “Investigation into the use of narcotic antagonists in the treatment of a stereotypic behavior pattern (crib-biting) in the horse,”Am. J. Vet. Res., 48 (2) :311-319 (1987).
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Keuthen, N.J. et al., “Trichotillomania: Current issues in conceptualization and treatment,”Psycother. Psychosom., 67 (4-5) :202-213 (1998).
Mills, I.H. et al., “Treatment of compulsive behaviour in eating disorders with intermittent ketamine infusions,”Q.J. Med., 91 (7) :493-503 (1998).
Herling, S. et al., “Discriminative stimulus effects of dextrorphan in pigeions,”J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 227 (3):723-731 (1983).
Woods-Kettelberger, A. et al., “Animal models with potential applications for screening compounds for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders,”Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 6 (10) :1369-1381 (1997).
Ghaziuddin, M. et al., “Haloperidol treatment of trichotillomania in a boy with autism and mental retardation,”J. Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21 (3) :365-371 (1991).
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Choi, D. W. et a
Dodman Nicholas H.
Shuster Louis
Hamilton Brook Smith & Reynolds P.C.
The Trustees of Tufts College
Weddington Kevin E.
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