Measuring and testing – Liquid analysis or analysis of the suspension of solids in a... – Content or effect of a constituent of a liquid mixture
Reexamination Certificate
2000-06-13
2002-08-27
Larkin, Daniel S. (Department: 2856)
Measuring and testing
Liquid analysis or analysis of the suspension of solids in a...
Content or effect of a constituent of a liquid mixture
C073S159000, C073S866000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06439036
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to methods for evaluating a test fluid, and more particularly, to methods for testing compositions in contact with a test sheet of fabric.
Testing of chemical formulations often involves exposing the chemicals to a porous material, such as a fabric, which absorbs or interacts with the chemicals. Developers of fabric care products, for example, test different chemical compositions and formulations by exposing pieces of fabric to the compositions or formulations, and measuring the effects on the fabric's appearance, physical, or chemical properties which result. The types of chemicals or compositions tested in this way may include surfactants, polymers, dyes, bleaches, perfumes, buffers, electrolytes, builders (e.g., calcium sequestering agents), flame retarding agents, and others. Some of the benefits which may be desirable to deliver with such compositions, and which are therefore desirable to measure after exposing the fabric to the compositions or formulations, include release or removal of soils and stains, dye retention by a fabric during washing, prevention of dye transfer from one fabric to another, prevention of soil redeposition, resistance to the abrasion which occurs due to fabrics rubbing against each other during washing, building up of fibers to increase the life of a garment, reduction or prevention of wrinkles, reduction or prevention of static buildup, and improvement or preservation of the feel or texture of a fabric.
Currently used methods of testing for such benefits are extremely laborious, and limit the rate at which new compositions and formulations can be tested. The slowest testing methods involve washing fabrics in conventional full sized washing machines, or doing hand washing in a basin. Some degree of miniaturization has been introduced through the use of instruments such as the Washtec Linitester (manufactured by Roaches) or the Turgotometer (manufactured by Heraeus). In these instruments, washing is done in vessels of reduced volume, typically 0.5-2 liters, and multiple vessels are tested simultaneously. For example, the Heraeus Turgotometer consists of six one liter pots arranged in a straight line, each with an overhead stirrer to provide agitation similar to that found in top-loading washing machines. In the Roaches Washtec, up to twelve one liter vessels are mounted radially on a central axel, which is rotated to give an end-over-end tumbling motion and provide agitation. In both cases, the temperature is controlled through a thermostatted bath which surrounds the vessels.
Although these instruments represent a significant improvement over testing methods which utilize full scale washing apparatus, they still require a tremendous amount of manual labor, take up a great deal of space, and have limited throughput. Detergent formulations are extremely complex, often consisting of ten or more ingredients. While significant improvements in detergent performance can be and have been attained by introducing new ingredients or changing formulations, the size of the parameter space to be tested is enormous, including variables related to both chemical structure and formulations. It is therefore, desirable to develop methods and apparatus which allow high-throughput testing of compositions and formulations for fabric care. Ideally, it is desirable to obtain high throughput and miniaturization without sacrificing relevance of the results to more realistic conditions.
One possible method of high throughput testing of fabric care compositions and formulations is to place small, individual pieces of fabric in an array of small vessels, e.g. in a microtiter plate. One drawback to this method is that the individual pieces of fabric are difficult to handle and must be left in the wells during subsequent, handling, treatment, and analysis. If the pieces of fabric are removed from the wells, special handling equipment is required. Also, each piece of fabric may need to be individually labeled to prevent misidentification of the composition used to soak the fabric. Furthermore, it is difficult to simulate the agitation of fabric within a washing machine since the fabric is simply soaking in the fluid.
There is, therefore, a need for a method for testing compositions in parallel with a continuous sheet of porous material having a plurality of test regions, which can be easily analyzed upon completion of testing. There is also a need for a method for forcing fluid through the porous material or in contact with the material to simulate agitation of the porous material within the fluid
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Methods for testing compositions in contact with a porous medium are disclosed. The methods improve the productivity in testing variations of compounds by permitting large numbers of compositions to be tested simultaneously (in “parallel”), in an efficient manner that is amenable to various forms of automation to provide high-throughput.
A method for evaluating a test fluid as a fabric care composition or as a component thereof generally comprises providing a test sheet of fabric comprising a plurality of test regions and simultaneously contacting each of the plurality of test regions with a different test fluid. The method further includes screening the plurality of test regions or the contacted test fluids for a fabric property of interest to evaluate the relative efficacy of the different test fluids.
Two or more test sheets of fabric may be provided and each sheet may comprise a plurality of test regions. Each of the test regions may be the same or the regions may be different from one another. The plurality of test regions may be substantially isolated from one another. The plurality of test regions may be screened for a fabric property of interest, the contacted test fluids may be screened for a fabric property of interest, or both the test regions and fluids may be screened. The plurality of test regions may be screened using a spectroscopic technique, for example.
In another aspect of the invention, a method generally comprises providing a test sheet of fabric comprising a plurality of test regions, each of the plurality of test regions comprising a different fabric composition and simultaneously contacting each of the plurality of test regions with a test fluid. The method further includes screening the plurality of test regions or the contacted test fluids for a fabric property of interest to evaluate the relative efficacy of the different fabric compositions.
The method may further include simultaneously treating each of the plurality of test regions with a plurality of treatment fluids, the plurality of treatment fluids differing between the plurality of test regions. The different fabric compositions may comprise one or more polymers adsorbed onto a fabric with the one or more polymers varying between the different fabric compositions.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a method for preparing a treated fabric array generally comprises providing a test sheet of fabric comprising a plurality of test regions and simultaneously contacting each of the plurality of test regions with a plurality of treatment fluids, the plurality of treatment fluids differing between the plurality of test regions. The method further includes allowing one or more components of a plurality of treatment fluids to interact with the test sheet of fabric at the plurality of test regions.
The plurality of treatment fluids may comprise a polymer component which varies between different treatment fluids with respect to composition, hydrophilicity, molecular weight, or molecular weight distribution.
The above is a brief description of some deficiencies in the prior art and advantages of the present invention. Other features, advantages, and embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description, drawings, and claims.
REFERENCES:
patent: 2568707 (1951-09-01), Bernstein
patent: 2684595 (1954-07-01), Wollner et al.
patent: 2749740 (1956-06-01), Stiegler
pa
Larkin Daniel S.
Ritter Lang & Kaplan LLP
Symyx Technologics, Inc.
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