Optical waveguides – With optical coupler – Input/output coupler
Reexamination Certificate
1998-09-28
2002-06-11
Sanghavi, Hemang (Department: 2874)
Optical waveguides
With optical coupler
Input/output coupler
C385S123000, C372S102000, C359S199200
Reexamination Certificate
active
06404956
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for making in-line optical waveguide refractive index gratings of any desired length and articles manufactured utilizing this method. More specifically, the present is directed to a method for making a pure-apodized, chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) of any length by translating a fiber with respect to an interferogram of actinic radiation with an intensity that is amplitude modulated as a function of time and to long-length continuous-phase Bragg gratings manufactured using this technique.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In-line optical waveguide refractive index gratings are periodic, aperiodic or pseudo-periodic variations in the refractive index of a waveguide. Gratings may be formed, for example, by physically impressing a modulation on the waveguide, by causing a variation of the refractive index along the waveguide using the photosensitivity phenomenon, or by other methods known in the art. In particular, gratings written into the core of an optical fiber are critical components for many applications in fiber-optic communication and sensor systems.
Dopants, such as germanium, are added to an area of the waveguide material to make it photosensitive, causing the refractive index of that region to be susceptible to increase upon exposure to actinic radiation. The currently preferred method of “writing” an in-line grating comprises exposing a portion of the waveguide to the interference between two beams of actinic (typically UV) radiation. The two beams are incident on the guiding structure of the waveguide in a transverse direction to create an interferogram, that is, a pattern of optical interference. The angle between the two beams (and the wavelength of the radiation) defines the fringe spacing of the interferogram. Typically, the two beams of actinic radiation are the legs of an interferometer or are produced by launching a single beam through a phase mask. The phase mask method is considered generally more suitable for large scale manufacture of in-line gratings, because it is highly repeatable, less susceptible to mechanical vibrations of the optical setup, and can be made with writing beams of much shorter coherence length.
Advantages of optical fiber in-line gratings over competing technologies include all-fiber geometry, low insertion loss, high return loss or extinction, and potentially low cost. But one of the most distinguishing features of fiber gratings is the flexibility the gratings offer for achieving desired spectral characteristics. Numerous physical parameters of the gratings can be varied, including induced index change, length, apodization, period chirp, grating pitch tilt, and whether the grating supports coupling into co-propagating (long-period or transmission gratings) or counter-propagating coupling (Bragg gratings) at a desired wavelength. By varying these parameters, gratings can be tailored for specific applications.
The versatility of an in-line grating is largely dependent on two factors, the overall length of the grating structure and the reflectivity (or transmission) profile of the grating structure itself. Intricate reflectivity profiles can be achieved by carefully controlling the refractive index perturbation along the waveguide length, x. The index perturbation ∂n
(x)
may be characterized as a phase and amplitude-modulated periodic function,
∂n
(x)
=∂n
0
(x)
·{A
(x)
+m
(x)
·cos[2&pgr;/&Lgr;·
x+&phgr;
(x)
]}, (1)
where ∂n
0
(x)
is the “dc” index change spatially averaged over a grating period, A(x) is an offset (typically A=1), m(x) is the fringe visibility of the index change, &Lgr; is the nominal period and &phgr;(x) describes grating chirp. To automate the fabrication process, it is desirable to write this arbitrary refractive index profile into a waveguide in a single process step, i.e., with a single pass of the laser beam over the waveguide and without physically changing the writing apparatus. For full flexibility in grating manufacture, one needs to control independently each of the parameters describing ∂n
(x)
.
In particular, apodization of a grating spectrum may be achieved by controlling say ∂n
0
(x)
and m(x) along the grating length. The main peak in the reflection spectrum of a finite length in-line grating with uniform modulation of the index of refraction is accompanied by a series of sidelobes at adjacent wavelengths. Lowering the reflectivity of the sidelobes, or “apodizing” the reflection spectrum of the grating, is desirable in devices where high rejection of nonresonant light is required. Apodization also improves the dispersion compensation characteristics of chirped gratings. In most of these applications, one desires apodization created by keeping the average ∂n
0
(x)
and A(x) constant across the grating length while m(x) is varied, which is believed not to have been achieved (with full flexibility) in a single-step process by controlling only the laser beam.
Variation of the index modulation by changing the magnitude of the ultraviolet exposure along the length of the grating causes both the magnitude of the refractive index modulation and the average photoinduced refractive index to vary. The variation in the average index modulation leads to undesirable effective chirps of the resonant wavelength of the grating and widens the grating spectral response. To alleviate these symptoms, it is desirable to “pure apodize” the grating, that is, to generate both the non-uniform modulated ultraviolet fringe pattern and a compensating DC exposure which automatically ensures that the average photoinduced refractive index is constant along the length of the fiber.
Some researchers have created the desired apodization profile by dithering the phasemask relative to the interferogram. The dithering decreases the fringe visibility and thus the refractive index modulation at specified locations along the waveguide length. However, the technique requires complex mechanical fixtures that must be vibrated yet precisely positioned for the phase mask and waveguide.
In addition to the specific index perturbation written into the waveguide, grating length is also important in certain applications in optical fiber communication and distributed sensor systems. For instance, long-length chirped fiber Bragg gratings have been suggested as attractive devices for the manufacture of dispersion compensators. High-speed, long distance data transmissions, especially transmissions over existing non-dispersion shifted fiber networks, are limited by chromatic dispersion in the optical fiber. Since the transmission bandwidth usually is predetermined by the needs of the system, to be usable as dispersion compensators in practice, chirped Bragg gratings need to exhibit dispersion compensation over a bandwidth which will cover the typical semiconductor laser wavelength tolerances. However such narrow band devices may result in unusable wavelengths in the regions where the FBG band edges occur, thus large bandwidth chirped FBGs which can to compensate over the full Er
+
-doped fiber amplifier spectrum are more desirable.
Presently, most telecommunications systems possess an installed base of fiber which is dispersion corrected for 1300 nm transmission but, not for 1550 nm transmission. With the availability of Er-doped fiber amplifiers at 1550 nm and the low loss limit of the fiber occurring in the same wavelength range, high bit rate transmission systems have migrated to the 1550 mn wavelength range. Fiber dispersion at 1550 nm for these nondispersion shifted fibers is near 17 ps
m/km. Over an 80 km distance this results in roughly −1360 ps
m of excess dispersion, which requires correction before optical pulses can be detected. Dispersion compensating fiber is a preferred choice for the correction of chromatic dispersion in this wavelength range. While being broad band fiber nonlinearities and high loss are drawbacks to this technology. A long-length phase- continuous fiber grating wh
Brennan, III James F.
LaBrake Dwayne L.
3M Intellectual Properties Company
Ho Nestor F.
Sanghavi Hemang
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