Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...
Reexamination Certificate
2000-07-10
2001-10-30
Higel, Floyd D. (Department: 1626)
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...
C546S084000, C546S170000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06310209
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a method for the synthesis of the dihydroindole C-ring found in CC-1065/duocarmycin analogs. More particularly, the invention comprises the 5-exo-trig radical cyclization of an aryl halide onto a tethered vinyl chloride forming the dihydroindole C-ring with chlorine installed as a suitable leaving group for subsequent cyclopropane spirocyclization. The versatility of this approach is examined in the context of six CC-1065/duocarmycin analogs previously synthesized in this laboratory.
BACKGROUND
CC-1065 (1; Chidester et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1981, 1-3, 7629) and the duocarmycins 2 (Ichimura et al.
J. Antibiot.
1990, 43, 1037) and 3 (Takahashi et al.
J. Antibiot.
1988, 41, 1915; Yasuzawa et al.
Chem. Pharm. Bull.
1995, 43, 378) are the parent members of a potent class of antitumor antibiotics that derive their biological properties through reversible, sequence selective alkylation of DNA (For a review of mechanistic aspects see: Boger, et al.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1996, 35, 230).
Since their disclosure, synthetic efforts have focused on the natural products as well as a great number of rationally designed analogs (For a review of synthetic efforts see: Boger et al.
Chem. Rev.,
1997, 97, 787). These analogs have served define the fundamental principles underlying the relationships between structure, chemical reactivity and biological properties within this family, and have advanced the understanding of the origin of sequence selectivity and the catalysis of the DNA alkylation reaction by 1-3 (Boger et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1997, 119, 4977; Boger et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1997, 119, 4987; Boger et al.
Biorg. Med. Chem.
1997, 5, 263; Warpehoski et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1994, 116, 7573; Warpehoski et al.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1995, 117, 2951).
Common synthetic routes to many of the duocarmycin and CC-1065 analogs incorporate the same transformation via a four step procedure highlighted by an in-situ trap of a primary radical with TEMPO (TEMPO=2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical) followed by its reductive removal and conversion to the chloride as depicted for the synthesis of CBI (Boger et al.
J. Org. Chem.
1995, 60, 1271) as illustrated in FIG.
4
.
It would be beneficial to have a more direct and higher yielding transformation to obtain the dihydroindole C-ring found in CC-1065/duocarmycin analogs. What is needed, therefore, is an efficient and general method for the synthesis of the dihydroindole C-ring found in CC-1065/duocarmycin analogs with less steps than the standard four step TEMPO procedure as described above.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the invention is directed to a 2 step synthesis of the dihydroindole C-ring found in CC-1065/duocarmycin analog. An aryl halide is alkylated with 1,3-dichloropropene and a catalytic amount of n-tetrabutylammonium iodide for forming a vinyl chloride. The vinyl chloride is then cyclized under conditions using tribuytyl tin hydride, catalytic AIBN and toluene as the solvent for forming the dihydroindole C-ring of the CC-1065/duocarmycin analog.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to the following compounds:
REFERENCES:
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patent: 5585499 (1996-12-01), Chari et al.
patent: 5605896 (1997-02-01), Leonardi et al.
patent: 5629430 (1997-05-01), Terashima et al.
patent: 5641780 (1997-06-01), Amishiro et al.
Chidester, et al., “The Structure of CC-1065, a Potent Antitumor Agent, and Its Binding to DNA”,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103: 7629-7635 (1981).
Ichimura, et al., “Duocarmycin A, A New Antitumor Antibiotic From Streptomyces”,J. Antibiot. 41: 1915-1917 (1996).
Warpehoski, et al., “Acid-Dependent Electrophilicity of Cyclopropylpyrroloindoles. Nature's Masking Strategy for a Potent DNA Alkylator”,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116: 7573-7580 (1994).
Boger, et al., “An Efficient Synthesis of 1,2,9,9a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (CBI): An Enhanced and Simplified Analog of the CC-1065 and Duocarmycin Alkylation Subunits”,J. Org. Chem. 60: 1271-1275 (1995).
Warpehoski, et al., “Enzyme-like Rate Acceleration in the DNA Minor Groove. Cyclopropylpyrroloindole as Mechanism-Based Inactivators of DNA”,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117: 2951-2952 (1995).
Boger, et al., “Synthesis, Chemical Properties, and Preliminary Evaluation of Substituted CBI Analogs of CC-1065 and the Duocarmycins Incorporating the 7-Cyano-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one Alkylation Subunit: Hammett Quantification of the Magnitude of Electronic Effects on Functional Reactivity”,J. Org. Chem. 61: 4894-4912 (1996).
Boger, et al., “CC-1065 and the Duocarmycins: Understanding their Biological Function through Mechanistic Studies”,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35: 1438-1474 (1996).
Boger, et al., “Catalysis of the CC-1065 and Duocarmycin DNA Alkylation Reaction: DNA Binding Induced Conformational Change in the Agent Results in Activation”,Bioorg. Med. Chem. 5: 263-276 (1997).
Boger, et al., “Duocarmycin SA Shortened, Simplified, and Extended Agents: A Systematic Examination of the Role of the DNA Binding Subunit”,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119: 4977-4986 (1997).
Boger, et al., “Reversed and Sandwiched Analogs of Duocarmuycin SA: Establishment of the Origin of the Sequence-Selective Alkylation of DNA and New Insights into the Source of Catalysis”,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119: 4987-4998 (1997).
Boger, et al., “CC-1065 and the Duocarmycins: Synthetic Studies”,Chem. Rev. 97: 787-828 (1997).
Patel, et al., “Total Synthesis of Seco (+) - and ent-(−)-Oxaduocarmyucin SA: Construction of the (Chloromethyl)indoline Alkylating Subunit by a Novel Intramolecular Aryl Radical Cyclization onto a Vinyl Chloride”,J. Org. Chem. 62: 8868-8874 (1997).
Higel Floyd D.
Lewis Donald G.
The Scripps Research Institute
Wright Sonya N
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