Compositions – Preservative agents – Anti-corrosion
Patent
1996-01-18
1997-10-07
Lovering, Richard D.
Compositions
Preservative agents
Anti-corrosion
95117, 203 5, 203 10, 210900, 2523131, 252324, B01J 1300, B01D 17022, B01D 1705, B01D 2100
Patent
active
056744315
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
REFERENCE TO FOREIGN PRIORITY APPLICATIONS
This application is a 371 of PCT/SE94/00690, filed Jul. 13, 1994, which claims priority based on Sweden application 9302500-5 filed Jul. 27, 1993.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention described in the following pertains to the production of stable aqueous colloids.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Like all other molecules with two H atoms, the H.sub.2 O molecule has two different forms, ortho and para , with parallel and anti-parallel nuclear spins, respectively, of the H atoms. At equilibrium at and above room temperature the abundance ratio ortho:para is 3:1 both in the vapor and in the liquid. The two forms may be separated one from the other because they have different vaporization energies, 44 kcal/mol for the para form and zero for the ortho form. The scientific foundation of this statement has been published*.
As a consequence of the statements above, the exchange between vapor and liquid occurs in units of 4 H.sub.2 O. This is the unit cell if liquid water, i.e. liquid water consists of aggregates of 4 H.sub.2 O **. In the evaporation the liquid yields this unit cell at an energy of vaporization of 44 kcal/mol of the unit cell and 1/4.times.44=11 kcal/mol of H.sub.2 O. In the condensation of the vapor the first step is the formation of unit cells that then aggregate to liquid droplets. The formation of the unit cell requires the participation of a suitable gas, e.g. an oxide of nitrogen. Such gases are abundant in ordinary air.
Without such a gas the vapor may condense on a surface. If the material is a hydrogen-replacing metal, adsorbed H.sub.2 O is decomposed surface. The process is reversible. As a consequence there is always an equilibrium between ortho and para water in the adsorbed state. The adsorption as such is reversible. between surface and gas too. But if the surface does not decompose H.sub.2 O.sub.ads, the ortho form will be desorbed much faster than the para form. The condensate on such a surface is strongly enriched with respect to the para form.
In the 1960s Derjaguin and his associates published papers on experiments in which steam from ordinary water was conducted through a capillary of pure quartz. The condensate thus formed was collected and studied. It had properties quite different from those of ordinary water. In the U.S.A. many investigators tried to reproduce their experiments. On the whole they were successful with condensation in a quartz capillary. But with a capillary of glass, Pyrex, ordinary water was obtained. If the glass wall was smeared with fat, e.g. stopcock grease, Derjaguin's water was obtained. Because certain properties were similar to those of polymers Derjaguin's water was called Polywater in the U.S.A. A symposium was arranged at which the results were reported. The transactions were published *.
The conclusion at this symposium was that Polywater is ordinary water contaminated by quartz or fat. Derjaguin's results were thus rejected.
The correct conclusion is that Polywater is different from ordinary water in several respects, one being the ability of Polywater to hold more of insoluble substances, namely in colloid form, as compared to ordinary water. An insoluble substance in colloidal dispersion does not affect the vaporization of ordinary water, nor the crystallization of ordinary water. The real reason for the rejection of Derjaguin's results is probably that the universities nowadays are given to teaching and thereby to "explaining" natural phenomena and, therefore, reject every discovery that is not immediately "explained".
I have treated the effect of enrichment with respect to para water on the anomalies of water more generally in a manuscript that I have sent to the Journal of Colloid and Interface Science for publication. I attach this manuscript as an appendix.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to the use of ordinary water with added para water for dispersing an insoluble substance, and the conversion of the para water to ordinary water for the precipitation of the dispersed subst
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V. K. Konyukhov et al., "Spin-modification selective adsorption of water molecules on the surface of a corundum ceramic", Chemical Abstracts, vol. 111, 1989, 111:12878r, p. 371.
V. K. Konyukhov et al., "Ortho-and para-equilibriums in the adsorption of water molecules by the surface of solid carbon dioxide", Chemical Abstracts, vol. 111, 1989, 111:141197s, p. 453.
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