Boots – shoes – and leggings
Patent
1989-11-22
1992-11-10
Hayes, Gail O.
Boots, shoes, and leggings
12866001, G06F 1542
Patent
active
051629917
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for determining blood pressure and more particularly to a non-invasive method and apparatus for determining blood pressure, tuning a cardiac pacemaker, and for providing the medical practitioner with information about the operation of the cardiovascular system of a patient.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
One test often performed on patients by medical practitioners is a test to determine the blood pressure of the patient. Blood pressure is tested often because a knowledge of a patient's blood pressure provides an overall reflection of the functioning of his heart and circulatory system.
The blood pressure in a patient's arterial system is represented by the peak systolic and diastolic levels of the pressure pulse and is modified by cardiac output, peripheral arteriolar resistance, distensibility of the arteries, amount of blood in the system, and viscosity of the blood. Accordingly, changes in blood pressure reflect changes in these measurements. For example, the decrease in vessel distensibility in the elderly lowers diastolic pressure and increases systolic pressure to produce systolic hypertension. Increases in blood volume may raise both systolic and diastolic components.
Normal blood pressure in the aorta and large arteries, such as the brachial artery, varies between 100 and 140 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg.) systolic and between 60 and 90 mm Hg. diastolic. Pressure in the smaller arteries is somewhat less, and in the arterioles, where the blood enters the capillaries, it is about 35 mm Hg. However, a wide variation of normal blood pressure exists, and a value may fall outside the normal range in healthy adults The normal range also varies with age, sex and race. For example, a pressure reading of 100/60 may be normal for one person but hypotensive for another
Arterial blood pressure can be measured directly or indirectly. The most common known method for measuring blood pressure indirectly is with a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. The primary benefits of the sphygmomanometer and stethoscope procedure are that it is simple for the medical practitioner to use, is non-invasive and is relatively inexpensive. The sphygmomanometer and stethoscope are often sufficiently inexpensive to make their cost well within the reach of consumers who desire to perform blood pressure tests at home. The primary drawbacks of the use of the sphygmomanometer and stethoscope procedure reside in the limited amount of data that it provides, and the relative inaccuracy of the procedure.
The procedure by which a sphygmomanometer is utilized to determine blood pressure is relatively simple. A collapsed, inflatable blood pressure cuff is affixed snugly and smoothly to a patient's arm, with the distal margin of the cuff at least 3 cm above the antecubital fossa.
Pressure in the cuff is then rapidly increased to a level of about 30 mm Hg above the point at which the palpable pulse disappears. As the cuff is deflated, observations may be made .either by palpation or auscultation. The point at which the pulse can be felt is recorded from the manometer as the palpatry systolic pressure.
The auscultatory method is usually preferred to the technique described above. With this method, vibrations from the artery under pressure, called Korotkoff sounds, are used as indicators.
To determine blood pressure using the auscultatory method, the bell or diaphragm of a stethoscope is pressed lightly over a brachial artery while the cuff is slowly deflated. The pressure reading begin at the time the Korotkoff sounds first become audible. As the cuff is deflated further, the sounds become louder for a brief period The sounds then become muffled and finally disappear The systolic blood pressure is the point at which the Korotkoff off sounds become audible, and the diastolic blood pressure is the point at which the sounds cease to be heard. The traditional manual sphygmomanometer may provide inaccurate blood pressure measurements because it relies to
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