Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Carbohydrate doai
Patent
1993-04-02
1994-11-22
Griffin, Ronald W.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Carbohydrate doai
71DIG1, 71DIG2, 47DIG10, 47DIG11, 424405, A01N 2532
Patent
active
053669614
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This invention relates to new forms of pesticidal products and methods for their manufacture.
Environmental awareness of the dangers of pollution arising from the widespread application of chemical pesticides, as well as the increased cost of developing and registering new pesticides, has stimulated interest in developing formulations that will improve the effectiveness of present pest control agents by, for example, improving their shelf life and increasing their stability and longevity of action in the field. There is also a need to minimise the health and environmental hazards associated with the use of common pesticides such as organophosphates and toxic metallic compounds.
Typical formulations used to apply known pesticides include dusts and sprays. Dusts are often used to control termites, cockroaches, lepidopterous larvae, grain insects, ants and other urban and rural pests. Sprays, which include emulsions and wettable powders, are extensively employed in combating agricultural crop insect pests of cotton, grain, rice, sugar, tobacco, vegetables and fruits as well as wood destroying insects such as termites and wood bores. However, the effectiveness of many pesticide applications is often markedly reduced by factors such as loss of the active ingredient by evaporation, its hydrolysis or inactivation in the presence of moisture or when in contact with soil, and degradation of the pesticide through the action of light. This lack of persistence may make repeated applications essential to ensure continued and adequate pest control.
A further problem in the control of insect pests is that insects can often detect the toxic agents used to the extent that they are repelled and avoid ingesting or coming into contact with the toxicant.
For many years pest control operators in Australia have used arsenic trioxide to eradicate termite infestations in and around buildings. The arsenical compound is normally puffed into the galleries created by the termites in infested wood, causing the toxic dust to adhere to the termites' cuticle and appendages such an antennae, legs and hair. This very effective method exploits the insects' behavioural characteristics of social grooming and dead termite control. During the grooming ritual, traces of toxic dust may be ingested by the grooming insect, which will eventually die. Dead termites are eaten by survivors who themselves soon become victims, thus aiding in the translocation of the poison throughout the colony.
However, the distribution of arsenical compounds having a wide spectrum of insecticidal and mammalian toxicity is undesirable, and the alleged carcinogenicity of arsenic, particularly in its trivalent oxidised state, has resulted in a ban on its use for termite eradication in the U.S.A. Similar restrictions may be imposed in Australia and other countries. Alternative termiticidal dusts have been proposed that rely upon adsorbing known insecticides such as organochlorins, organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroids on finely divided supports such as kaolin or talc. Such insecticidal dusts still present a considerable hazard to the pest control operator as, in most cases, the adsorbed insecticide has a measurable vapour pressure and may be adsorbed through skin contact or inhalation. Moreover, these dusts have generally been found to repel the termites, which seal off the dusted areas to avoid contact with the poison.
There have been many attempts to achieve safer and more effective use of pesticides by developing controlled release systems to allow reduced rates and frequency of application and to minimise evaporation and degradation losses. One such approach is disclosed in Australian Patent Application No. 83/13398 in which biologically active materials are trapped as discontinuous domains within a continuous insoluble matrix gel, the biodegradation of which results in slow release of the active agent. A disadvantage of this method is the difficulty of obtaining complete encapsulation in products that are sufficiently finely divided for dusting applications.
Anothe
REFERENCES:
patent: 3920442 (1975-11-01), Albert et al.
patent: 3983214 (1976-09-01), Misato et al.
patent: 4241054 (1980-12-01), Volpenhein et al.
patent: 4541859 (1985-09-01), Tozawa et al.
patent: 4665059 (1987-05-01), Tozawa et al.
patent: 4666706 (1987-05-01), Farquharson et al.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Griffin Ronald W.
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