Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Antigen – epitope – or other immunospecific immunoeffector – Bacterium or component thereof or substance produced by said...
Patent
1982-09-16
1984-12-04
Rosen, Sam
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Antigen, epitope, or other immunospecific immunoeffector
Bacterium or component thereof or substance produced by said...
424244, 424246, 424248, 424250, 424251, 424258, 424269, 424270, 424272, 424273P, 424275, 424285, 424304, 424322, 42424854, A61K 3144, A61K 3117
Patent
active
044864396
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the health management of animal populations and to a method for the prophylactic and curative treatment of parasitic protozoal infections in animals, including mammalian and avian species. This invention also relates to the suppression of a particular parasitic class of Protozoa, namely Sporozoa, species of which commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract, renal tubules, cecum and liver of animals and, in particular, animals of the avian species.
All members species of the Sporozoan class of Protozoa are parasitic. A particular subdivision of Sporozoa, namely, Coccidia, is of particular interest. This subdivision, includes the genera, Eimeria, Isospora, Klossiella and Hepatozoon, which are responsible for the disease condition known as coccidiosis.
Coccidia species infect chickens, canines, felines, rabbits, cattle, sheep and goats, swine, geese, mice, rats, frogs, guinea pigs and man, among others. Coccidosis affects the living host adversely in many ways depending upon the tissue preference of the particular parasite involved and the number of oocysts in the initial infection. There are as many kinds of coccidiosis as there are species of coccidia, each with its characteristic signs. In many cases, infection may result in the death of the host animal.
Coccidiosis is a disease which starts with the oocyst, the egg-like form of the parasite. Under favorable conditions, oocysts sporulate and become infective. Infection can be readily spread throughout an entire population of animals, such as , sheep and cattle in a feed lot or pasture, chickens in pens, and, canines and felines, through the release of coccidia oocysts in fecal waste, followed by oocyst ingestion by uninfected animals.
As a group, the coccidioses of chickens cause more severe financial loss than is encountered in other domesticated avian species. Losses following a severe outbreak may be devastating. Turkeys, geese, ducks and guinea fowl suffer less severely from intestinal coccidiosis infection than do chickens; however, economic losses occur under certain conditions in all these birds.
In spite of recent advances in the prevention and control of coccidiosis through chemotherapy, the disease remains a major problem in the poultry industry. Unlike many other poultry diseases, coccidia are almost universally found wherever chickens are being raised.
The resistant oocysts are readily transported in live birds which sometime remain carriers for long periods of time. Because most coccidial infections are subclinical, the poultry producer is usually unaware of the presence of several species of organisms infecting his flock until mismanagement permits an explosive development of a large number of sporulated oocysts.
Of the four genera of Sporozoa mentioned above, the genus Eimeria includes the species of coccidia responsible for coccidiosis in chickens. The nine recognized species of Eimeria reported in chickens are: Eimeria acervulina; Eimeria brunetti; Eimeria hagani; Eimeria maxima; Eimeria mivati; Eimeria mitis; Eimeria necatrix; Eimeria praecox; and Eimeria tenella. The differential pathological characteristics of infections caused by these species of coccidia are discussed in the article by W. Malcolm Reid, entitled, "Coccidiosis", in Diseases of Poultry, Sixth Edition, Iowa State U. Press (1972).
REPORTED DEVELOPMENTS
The sulfa drugs were first used to suppress coccidiosis in poultry, but of these drugs only a few are currently being used. Their major disadvantage is that administration of high levels of the drug for extended periods of time may result in the development of hemorrhagic syndrome.
Anticoccidal formulations currently used in feed compositions include: sulfaquinoxaline; nitrofurazone; nitrophenide; sulfanitran; arsenobenzene; a mixture of butynorate, sulfanitran, dinsed, and roxarsone; nicarbazin; a mixture of nitrofurazone, furazolidone, bithionol, and methiotriazamine; a mixture of 2,4-diamino-5-(p-chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-pyrimidine and sulfaquinoxaline; furazolidine; glycar
REFERENCES:
Goodford et al., Brit. J. Pharmacol. vol. 48 (1973) pp. 650-654.
Chou Billy J.
Kuhla Donald E.
Studt William L.
Yelnosky John
Barron Alexis
Nicholson James A.
Rosen Sam
Savitzky Martin F.
William H. Rorer, Inc.
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