Fuel and related compositions – Liquid fuels – Heterocyclic carbon compound containing a hetero ring having...
Patent
1992-12-09
1995-12-26
Howard, Jacqueline V.
Fuel and related compositions
Liquid fuels
Heterocyclic carbon compound containing a hetero ring having...
44338, 44342, 44344, 44432, 44433, C10L 122
Patent
active
054783674
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This invention relates to fuel oil compositions, and to additives for use in such compositions. More especially it relates to diesel, heating, and jet fuel oil compositions, and to reduction of particulate emissions on combustion.
Although modern internal combustion engines are highly efficient and give almost complete combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel used, the slight reduction from total efficiency leads to the formation of black smoke, a proportion of which is particulate carbon. Apart from the smoke's being unpleasant to breathe and unsightly, the carbon particles may have absorbed in them polynuclear hydrocarbons, which also result from incomplete combustion, some of which are known carcinogens.
It has been previously proposed to use certain additives to reduce smoke. These additives, which are based on metal salts, reduce smoke at the expense of increasing particulate emission, because the additive is emitted in the form of oxide or sulphate which contributes to the mass of particulates in the exhaust.
There remains a need for an emission-reducing additive for diesel and jet fuel that is itself metal-free and combustible without contributing to the weight of particulates emitted.
In EP-A-203692, there is disclosed as a fuel oil additive a composition comprising a macrocyclic polyamine dispersant and a polyphenol, a sulphurized phenol or a hindered phenol. The composition is said to impart storage stability to the fuel oil, and to reduce the coking of fuel injector nozzles when the fuel is used as a diesel fuel. In Example 4 of the application, the macrocyclic derivative of a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (MW 1300) and pentapropylene hexamine is shown to reduce injector nozzle fouling when used alone. Injector nozzle fouling is normally accompanied by an increase in particulate emissions.
The present invention is based on the observation that certain dispersants, if desired in combination with cetane enhancers, when incorporated in a diesel, heating, or jet fuel, reduce the emission of particulates on combustion of the fuel even in the absence of injector deposits.
In its broadest aspect, therefore, the present invention provides the use of an ashless oil soluble macrocyclic polyamine dispersant to reduce particulate emission in the combustion of a fuel oil, other than the particulate emission reduction resulting from a reduction in injector nozzle fouling in a diesel engine, reduction in fouling including both the removal of existing injector nozzle deposits and the inhibition of deposit formation.
The reduction in particulate emission achieved by the present invention results directly on combustion of a fuel containing the macrocyclic dispersant, compared with the emissions resulting from combustion, in the same combustion chamber with the same conditions upstream of the combustion chamber, of fuel not containing the dispersant but otherwise identical. The reduction achieved by the present invention is herein referred to as the "direct" reduction.
While the applicants do not wish to be bound by any theory, it is believed that under given conditions (which include any deposits present in injectors or elsewhere upstream of the combustion chamber) the presence of the macrocylic dispersant in the fuel, or in the fuel/air mixture, in the combustion chamber results in an improvement in the quality of combustion, as measured by completeness of oxidation. This improvement may in turn be the result of a change in the physical properties of the fuel, or the fuel/air mixture, e.g., the surface tension of the fuel, resulting in improved mixing and reduced soot and smoke formation. The reference above to the presence of the dispersant includes the presence of a reaction product of the dispersant with a component of the fuel, the reaction having taken place either before entry into the combustion chamber or within the combustion chamber prior to combustion.
More especially, the dispersant is one containing the group --N.dbd.C--N--C.dbd.O, of which the --N.dbd.C--N group forms part of a ring, and of which the
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Brois Stanley J.
Gutierrez Antonio
Sexton Michael D.
Smith Anthony K.
Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
Howard Jacqueline V.
Mahon J. J.
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